Ke hoʻomau nei ka nui gula o Australia i kahi hoʻopaʻa mooolelo ʻimi
ʻO nā miners gula ma Australia - ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia e lele i Kina i ka makahiki aʻe e lilo i mea hana kiʻekiʻe - ke hoʻomau nei i kahi huakaʻi huakaʻi i hoʻopilikia ʻia e ka maʻi maʻi ma muli o ka piʻi ʻana o nā kumukūʻai ma waena o ka pōloli o nā ʻike nui.
"Maikaʻi maikaʻi ke gula i nā manawa paʻakikī, no laila ke manaʻo nei wau aia mākou ma ka piko o ka boom nui loa," wahi a Rob Bills, ka luna nui o Emmerson Resources Ltd., e hoʻolālā ana e hoʻomaka hou i ka ʻimi ʻana i kēia pule. Ke hoʻomau nei ka lāhui e hōʻoluʻolu i nā curbs pili i ka Covid-19. "ʻO kēlā mau hui i loaʻa ke kālā e hoʻohuli koke i ka paʻi."
ʻO ka hoʻolilo ʻana i ka ʻimi gula ma Australia ua piʻi i kahi moʻolelo hou i ka hapaha hope o 2019, ʻoiai ʻo ka huina makahiki ʻoi aku ma mua o A $ 1 biliona ($656 miliona) ma kahi o 20% kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka makahiki i hala, e like me ka manaʻo o ke aupuni. Pono nui ia no ka mea ʻaʻohe mea ʻike gula nui honua i nā makahiki ʻekolu i hala iho nei a he 25 wale nō i nā makahiki he ʻumi i hala iho nei, wahi a S&P Global Market Intelligence i kahi hōʻike i kēia mahina.
Makemake ka poʻe ʻimi gula e hoʻihoʻi i ka hana ma waena o nā wānana e kūʻai ʻoi aku ka metala no nā makahiki e hiki mai ana, ʻoiai ʻo nā ʻoihana ʻē aʻe, a me kekahi mau mea hana metala nui, ua hoʻolaha i nā hoʻolālā e ʻoki i nā lilo kālā ma waena o ka makaʻala i ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i ka maʻi ma hope.
ʻO nā mea paʻa i ka huakaʻi ma waena o - a i loko o nā mokuʻāina o Australia, ua alakaʻi i ka ʻoihana mining i ka nui o ka hoʻōki ʻana i ka hana ʻimi ʻana ma ka ʻāina e like me nā hana e pale ai i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka maʻi mai Malaki.
Ua haʻalele kēia i ka mea kālaihonua nui o Emmerson e hoʻokumu ana ma Perth ma ka mokuʻāina ʻo Tasmania, ʻoiai ua hoʻopilikia ʻia ka holomua ma nā papahana mamao ma Northern Territory e nā hana e pili ana i ka pale ʻana i nā kaiāulu ʻōiwi.
Ke kūkulu nei ʻo Newcrest Mining Ltd., ka mea hana gula kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻāina, i nā hoʻolālā e hoʻomaka hou i nā papahana ʻimi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma nā ʻāina me Chile a me Ecuador, e like me ka leka uila. Ke hoʻomau nei kekahi mau hana ma nā wahi kaʻawale ma Western Australia a me Kanada i ka wā o ka pani ʻana.
ʻO ka nele o nā mea hou i ʻike ʻia he mea hoʻokele paha i ka hana ʻana i ka ʻoihana gula i nā makahiki ʻelua i hala. He hōʻailona paha ka boom "ʻaʻole e noho hou nā waihona eli gula nui, hou, ʻike ʻia i ka ʻoihana," e like me Adrian Courtenay, he luna kālā ma Odey Asset Management LLP.
Hiki i ke gula ke paʻi i $2,000 i hoʻokahi auneke a e hoʻokiʻekiʻe ʻia i nā makahiki ʻelima e hiki mai ana i ka wā e hoʻomaka ai nā aupuni i nā papahana hoʻoulu, e like me Newmont Corp., ka mea hana nui loa o ka honua. ʻO nā mea hoʻopukapuka me VanEck pū kekahi e wānana i nā kumukūʻai gula e holomua.
Ke nānā nei nā miners i ka ʻimi e hoʻopau i ka hāʻule ʻana o ka wanana i ka puka gula o Australia i ka wā e hoʻomaha ai nā hana ʻelemakule. Kuhi ʻia ka nui o ke gula ma ka ʻāina e piʻi i nā mahina 12 a i waena o 2022 ma mua o ka hāʻule ʻana i hope, e like me ke aupuni o ka ʻāina.
"He wahi kūpono ia no nā hui gula," wahi a Emmerson's Bills. "ʻAʻole i piʻi ke kumukūʻai o ka wili ʻana, a nui nā pahu drill ma waho -- ua pane maikaʻi ka mākeke i nā ʻike, maikaʻi loa mākou."
"Ma hope o kekahi mau makahiki o ka emi ʻana o ka capex, hoʻomau ka hoʻopukapuka ʻana o ka mining e hoʻokiʻekiʻe ma luna o 2H 2020 a ma waho. ʻOiai ka maʻi maʻi, nā precursors o nā kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe, i ukali ʻia e nā pae hoʻopaʻa moʻolelo o nā hoʻolimalima ʻimi, e noho mau, a hiki ke ʻike i ka piʻi ʻana o ka hoʻopukapuka kālā ma mua o nā pae pani i nā makahiki e hiki mai ana.
ʻO James McIntyre, Bloomberg Economics
Eia nō naʻe, ua paʻakikī kekahi mau ʻoihana liʻiliʻi e hoʻonui i ke kālā no ka hoʻolaha ʻana i nā hoʻolaha hou a makemake lākou i ke kākoʻo hou aʻe mai nā mākeke kapikala, a i ʻole e hui pū me nā mea hana nui me nā waihona koena ikaika, wahi a Bills.
ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻolimalima ʻana e pono ai ka hoʻomau ʻana i nā ala huakaʻi a i ʻole ke kōkua aupuni e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ke komo ʻana i nā wahi mamao, me ka loaʻa ʻana o ke kālā, e like me Will Robinson, Luna Nui o Encounter Resources Ltd., nona nā papahana ma Western Australia. a me ka ʻaelike hui pū me Newcrest.
"Inā hoʻomāmā ʻia kēlā mau palena, manaʻo wau e ʻohi hou nā lilo," wahi a Robinson. "Ua loaʻa iā ʻoe ke kumu kūʻai gula kiʻekiʻe, ka emi ʻana o nā waihona, nā hoʻopukapuka nui i nā ʻenehana hou a me nā pūʻulu ʻikepili hou e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka kūleʻa ʻimi - manaʻo wau e hoʻomaka ana e hua."
Ke Koho Mea Pili Paa Poepoe
ʻO nā mea i ʻoki ʻia, nā kūlana hana ʻokoʻa e pono ai nā liner material e kūpono. Eia kekahi, ʻo ke keʻena wili liʻiliʻi a me ka ʻāpana wili maikaʻi e pono ai i nā mea liner ʻokoʻa.
H&G Machinery i kēia mau mea e hoʻolei ai i kāu liner wili pōlele:
hao Manganese
He 11-14% ka nui o ka manganese o ka mea kila manganese kiʻekiʻe he 11-14%, a he 0.90-1.50% ka nui o ke kalapona, ʻoi aku ka nui ma luna o 1.0%. Ma nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, hiki i ka paʻakikī ke hiki i HB300-400. Ma nā haʻahaʻa hopena kiʻekiʻe, hiki i ka paʻakikī ke hiki i HB500-800. Ma muli o ke kaumaha o ka hopena, hiki i ka hohonu o ka papa paʻakikī ke hiki i 10-20mm. Hiki i ka papa paʻakikī me ka paʻakikī kiʻekiʻe ke pale aku i ka hopena a hoʻemi i ka lole abrasive. Loaʻa i ke kila manganese kiʻekiʻe ka hana anti-wear maikaʻi ma lalo o ke kūlana o ka ʻaʻahu abrasive hopena ikaika, no laila hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i nā ʻāpana pale ʻaʻahu o ka mining, nā mea hana, ka mana wela, a me nā mea hana ʻē aʻe. Ma lalo o nā kūlana haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, ʻaʻole hiki i ke kila manganese kiʻekiʻe ke hana i nā ʻano o ka mea no ka mea ʻaʻole maopopo ka hopena paʻakikī o ka hana.
Hoʻohui Kimia
| Inoa | Ka Hui Kemika（%） | |||||||
| C | ʻO Si | ʻO Mn | Cr | Mo | Cu | P | S | |
| Mn14 Mill Liner | 0.9-1.5 | 0.3-1.0 | 11-14 | 0-2.5 | 0-0.5 | ≤0.05 | ≤0.06 | ≤0.06 |
| Mn18 Mill Liner | 1.0-1.5 | 0.3-1.0 | 16-19 | 0-2.5 | 0-0.5 | ≤0.05 | ≤0.06 | ≤0.06 |
Mechanical waiwai a me metallographic hana
| Inoa | ʻO ka ʻili paʻakikī（HB） | Waiwai hopena Ak（J/cm2） | Microstructure |
| Mn14 Mill Liner | ≤240 | ≥100 | A+C |
| Mn18 Mill Liner | ≤260 | ≥150 | A+C |
| C -Carbide | Carbide A-austenite paʻa | Austenite | |||
Hōʻike huahana
| Nui | Hole Dia.（mm） | Ka lōʻihi o ka laina （mm） | ||
| ≤40 | ≥40 | ≤250 | ≥250 | |
| Hoʻomanawanui | +20 | +30 | +2 | +3 |
Ke kila kila Chrome
Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka hao hao chromium kiʻekiʻe (chromium content 8-26% carbon content 2.0-3.6%), medium chromium alloy cast iron (chromium content 4-6%, carbon content 2.0-3.2%), haʻahaʻa chromium ʻEkolu mau ʻano o ka hao i hoʻolei ʻia (chromium content 1-3%, carbon content 2.1-3.6%). ʻO kāna hiʻohiʻona kupaianaha ʻo ka microhardness o ka M7C3 eutectic carbide ʻo HV1300-1800, ka mea i puʻunaue ʻia ma ke ʻano o kahi pūnaewele haʻihaʻi a hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ma ka martensite (ke ʻano paʻakikī o ka matrix metal), e hōʻemi ana i ka hopena cleavage ma ka matrix. No laila, ʻo ka liner kiʻekiʻe-chromium alloy he ikaika kiʻekiʻe, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka wili pōleʻa, a me ke kūpaʻa ʻaʻahu kiʻekiʻe, a ʻo kāna hana ke hōʻike nei i ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o nā mea ʻaʻahu metala o kēia manawa.
Hoʻohui Kimia
| Inoa | Ka Hui Kemika（%） | |||||||
| C | ʻO Si | ʻO Mn | Cr | Mo | Cu | P | S | |
| Laina Alloy Chrome kiʻekiʻe | 2.0-3.6 | 0-1.0 | 0-2.0 | 8-26 | ≤3.0 | ≤1.2 | ≤0.06 | ≤0.06 |
| Laina Alloy Chrome Waena | 2.0-3.3 | 0-1.2 | 0-2.0 | 4-8 | ≤3.0 | ≤1.2 | ≤0.06 | ≤0.06 |
| Laina Alloy Chrome Haahaa | 2.1-3.6 | 0-1.5 | 0-2.0 | 1-3 | 0-1.0 | ≤1.2 | ≤0.06 | ≤0.06 |
Mechanical waiwai a me metallographic hana
| Inoa | Ili（HRC） Ak（J/cm2） | Microstructure | ||||
| Laina Alloy Chrome kiʻekiʻe | ≥58 | ≥3.5 | M+C+A | |||
| Laina Alloy Chrome Waena | ≥48 | ≥10 | M+C | |||
| Laina Alloy Chrome Haahaa | ≥45 | ≥15 | M+C+P | |||
| M- Martensite | C – Carbide | A-Austenite | P-Pearlite | |||
Hōʻike huahana
| Nui | Hole Dia.（mm） Liner Length（mm） | |||
| ≤40 | ≥40 | ≤250 | ≥250 | |
| Hoʻomanawanui | +20 | +30 | +2 | +3 |
Cr-Mo Alloy Steel
Hoʻohana ʻo H&G Machinery i ke kila kila Cr-Mo e hoʻolei i ka liner wili pōpō. ʻO kēia mea i hoʻokumu ʻia ma ka maʻamau o Australia, (AS2074 Standard L2B, a me AS2074 Standard L2C) hāʻawi ia i ka hopena maikaʻi a me ke kūpaʻa ʻana i nā noi wili semi-autogenous āpau.
Hoʻohui Kimia
| Code | Nā ʻElemu Kemika（%） | |||||||
| C | ʻO Si | ʻO Mn | Cr | Mo | Cu | P | S | |
| L2B | 0.6-0.9 | 0.4-0.7 | 0.6-1.0 | 1.8-2.1 | 0.2-0.4 | 0.3-0.5 | ≤0.04 | ≤0.06 |
| L2C | 0.3-0.45 | 0.4-0.7 | 1.3-1.6 | 2.5-3.2 | 0.6-0.8 | 0.3-0.5 | ≤0.04 | ≤0.06 |
Waiwai Kino a me Microstructure
| Code | Paʻakikī（HB） | Ak（J/cm2） | Microstructure |
| L2B | 325-375 | ≥50 | P |
| L2C | 350-400 | ≥75 | M |
| M-Martensite, C-Carbide, A-Austenite, P-Pearlite | |||
Ni-paʻa kila
He hao keʻokeʻo ʻo Ni-Hard, i hoʻohui ʻia me ka nickel a me ka chromium kūpono no ka hopena haʻahaʻa, sliding abrasion no nā noi ʻelua a maloʻo. ʻO Ni-Hard kahi mea ʻaʻahu kūʻokoʻa loa, i hoʻolei ʻia i nā ʻano a me nā ʻano kūpono no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kaiapuni abrasive a me nā noi.
Hoʻohui Kimia
| Inoa | C | ʻO Si | ʻO Mn | Ni | Cr | S | P | Mo | ʻoʻoleʻa |
| Ni-Hard AS2027 Gr Ni Cr 1-550 | 3.2-3.6 | 0.3-0.8 | 0.2-0.8 | 3.0-5.0 | 1.5-3.0 | ≤0.12 | ≤0.15 | ≤0.5 | 550-600HBN |
| Ni-Hard AS2027 Gr Ni Cr 2-550 | 2.8-3.2 | 0.3-0.8 | 0.2-0.8 | 3.0-5.0 | 1.5-3.0 | ≤0.12 | ≤0.15 | ≤0.5 | 500-550HBN |
| Ni-Hard AS2027 Gr Ni Cr 2-550 | 3.2-3.6 | 1.5-2.2 | 0.2-0.8 | 4.0-5.5 | 8.0-10.0 | ≤0.12 | ≤0.15 | ≤0.5 | 630-670HBN |
Hao Hao Keokeo
Hoʻohui Kimia
| Inoa | Ka Hui Kemika(%) | |||||||
| C | ʻO Si | ʻO Mn | Cr | Mo | Cu | P | S | |
| Laina Hao Hao Keokeo | 2.0-3.3 | 0-0.8 | ≤2.0 | 12-26 | ≤3.0 | ≤1.2 | ≤0.06 | ≤0.06 |
Waiwai Kino a me Microstructure
| Inoa | HRC | Ak(J/cm2) | Microstructure |
| Laina Hao Hao Keokeo | ≥58 | ≥3.5 | M+C+A |
| M-Martensite C- Carbide A-Austenite | |||
Inā he nīnau nīnau kūikawā kāu, e ʻoluʻolu e kelepona i kā mākou ʻenekinia e lawelawe iā ʻoe!
Nick Sun [email protected]
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Iune-19-2020