Gulu lalikulu la golidi ku Australia likuwonjezera mwayi wofufuza
Ogwira ntchito m'migodi ku Australia - omwe adzalumphire ku China chaka chamawa kuti akhale opanga kwambiri - ayambiranso kufufuza komwe kwasokonekera chifukwa mitengo ikukwera pakati pazambiri zomwe zapezedwa.
"Golide amachita bwino kwambiri munthawi zovuta, ndiye lingaliro langa ndikuti tili pachiwopsezo chachikulu," atero a Rob Bills, wamkulu wa Emmerson Resources Ltd., yemwe akukonzekera kuyambitsanso ntchito yofufuza sabata ino. dziko likupitilizabe kuchepetsa njira zokhudzana ndi Covid-19. "Makampani omwe ali ndi ndalama azitsegula mwachangu."
Kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama pakufufuza golide ku Australia kudakwera mpaka kotala yomaliza ya 2019, pomwe kuchuluka kwapachaka kopitilira A $ 1 biliyoni ($ 656 miliyoni) kunali pafupifupi 20% kuposa chaka chatha, malinga ndi kuyerekezera kwa boma. Ndikofunikira kwambiri popeza sipanapezeke golide wamkulu padziko lonse lapansi m'zaka zitatu zapitazi komanso 25 pazaka khumi zapitazi, S&P Global Market Intelligence idatero lipoti mwezi uno.
Ofufuza golide akufunitsitsa kubwezeretsa ntchito zomwe zikulosera kuti zitsulo zidzagulitsa kwambiri zaka zingapo zikubwerazi, ngakhale mafakitale ena, ndi ena opanga zitsulo zazikulu, alengeza mapulani ochepetsera ndalama zazikuluzikulu ndikusamala pakuchira pambuyo pa kachilomboka.
Kuletsa kuyenda pakati pa - ndi m'maboma -ku Australia, kudapangitsa kuti gawo lamigodi liyimitse ntchito yofufuza pansi pomwe njira zochepetsera kufalikira kwa kachilomboka zidayambitsidwa kuyambira Marichi.
Izi zidasiya wasayansi wamkulu waku Perth wa Emmerson atasokonekera pachilumba cha Tasmania, pomwe kupita patsogolo kwa ntchito zakutali ku Northern Territory kwakhudzidwa ndi zochita zoteteza madera.
Newcrest Mining Ltd., omwe amapanga golide wapamwamba kwambiri mdziko muno, akupanga mapulani oyambitsanso ntchito zowunikira zomwe zayimitsidwa m'maiko kuphatikiza Chile ndi Ecuador, malinga ndi imelo. Zochitika zina m'malo akutali ku Western Australia ndi Canada zapitilirabe panthawi yotseka.
Kusowa kwa zinthu zatsopano zomwe zapezedwa kutha kukhalanso dalaivala pakuchita malonda komwe kwakhudza gawo la golide mzaka ziwiri zapitazi. Kuchulukiraku kungakhale chizindikiro chakuti "madipoziti akuluakulu, atsopano, opezeka mwachuma a migodi ya golide kulibenso," atero Adrian Courtenay, woyang'anira thumba la Odey Asset Management LLP.
Golide atha kugunda $2,000 pa aunsi imodzi ndipo akhalabe wokwezeka m'zaka zisanu zikubwerazi pomwe maboma akhazikitsa mapulogalamu olimbikitsa, malinga ndi Newmont Corp., wopanga wamkulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Otsatsa ndalama kuphatikiza VanEck amaloseranso mitengo ya golide kuti ipite patsogolo.
Ogwira ntchito m'migodi akuyang'ananso kufufuza kuti athetseretu kutsika kwa golide ku Australia pamene ntchito zaukalamba zatha. Ma voliyumu agolide mdzikolo akuyembekezeka kukwera kwambiri m'miyezi 12 mpaka pakati pa 2022 asanabwerere pang'onopang'ono, malinga ndi boma la dzikolo.
"Ndi malo abwino kwa makampani a golide," adatero Emmerson's Bills. "Mtengo wakubowola sunakwere, ndipo pali zida zambiri zobowola kunja uko - msika ukulabadira zomwe zapezeka, tili otsimikiza."
"Pambuyo pa zaka zingapo zakutsika kwa capex, ndalama zamigodi zikadali zokonzeka kupitilira 2H 2020 ndi kupitilira apo. Ngakhale mliriwu, zotsogola zamitengo yokwera, zotsatiridwa ndi kuchuluka kwa ndalama zoyendera, zikukhalabe, ndipo zitha kuwona kuti ndalama zikukwera kuposa momwe zingasinthire zaka zikubwerazi ”
James McIntyre, Bloomberg Economics
Komabe, makampani ena ang'onoang'ono akhala akuvutika kuti apeze ndalama zothandizira makampeni atsopano ndipo adzafunika chithandizo chochulukirapo kuchokera kumisika yayikulu, kapena kuyanjana ndi opanga akuluakulu omwe ali ndi mapepala amphamvu, Bills adatero.
Kukulitsa kuchuluka kwa ndalama zowunikiranso kudzafunikanso kuchepetsedwa kwa njira zochepetsera maulendo kapena thandizo la boma kuti zithandizire kupeza madera akutali, komanso mwayi wopeza ndalama, malinga ndi Will Robinson, CEO wa Encounter Resources Ltd., yomwe ili ndi ntchito ku Western Australia. ndi mgwirizano wogwirizana ndi Newcrest.
"Ngati zoletsazo zichepetsedwa, ndikuyembekeza kuti ndalama zidzayambiranso," adatero Robinson. "Muli ndi mtengo wokwera wa golide, kuchepa kwa nkhokwe, kusungitsa ndalama zambiri muukadaulo watsopano ndi ma data atsopano kuti muthandizire kuchita bwino pakufufuza - ndikuganiza kuti zayamba kubala zipatso."
Kusankhidwa kwa Zinthu Zopangira Mpira Mill
Zosiyanasiyana zophwanyidwa, zogwirira ntchito zosiyanasiyana zimafunikira ma liner osiyanasiyana kuti agwirizane. Komanso, chipinda chogawirako ndi chopera bwino chimafunikira zingwe zosiyanasiyana.
H&G Machinery imapereka zinthu zotsatirazi kuti muponyere liner yanu ya mphero:
Chitsulo cha Manganese
The manganese zili mkulu manganese zitsulo mpira mphero akalowa mbale nthawi zambiri 11-14%, ndi mpweya zili zambiri 0.90-1.50%, ambiri amene ali pamwamba 1.0%. Pakatundu wocheperako, kuuma kumatha kufika HB300-400. Pakatundu wambiri, kuuma kumatha kufika HB500-800. Kutengera momwe zimakhudzira, kuya kwa wosanjikiza wowuma kumatha kufika 10-20mm. Wosanjikiza wowuma wokhala ndi kuuma kwakukulu kumatha kukana kukhudzidwa ndikuchepetsa kuvala kwa abrasive. Chitsulo chapamwamba cha manganese chimakhala ndi ntchito yabwino kwambiri yotsutsana ndi kuvala pansi pakuvala kwamphamvu kwa abrasive, motero nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'magawo osamva amigodi, zida zomangira, mphamvu zotentha, ndi zida zina zamakina. Pansi pazikhalidwe zotsika kwambiri, chitsulo chachikulu cha manganese sichingakhale ndi mawonekedwe azinthuzo chifukwa chowumitsa ntchito sichikuwonekera.
Mapangidwe a Chemical
| Dzina | Mapangidwe a Chemical (%) | |||||||
| C | Si | Mn | Cr | Mo | Ku | P | S | |
| Mn14 Mill Liner | 0.9-1.5 | 0.3-1.0 | 11-14 | 0-2.5 | 0-0.5 | ≤0.05 | ≤0.06 | ≤0.06 |
| Mn18 Mill Liner | 1.0-1.5 | 0.3-1.0 | 16-19 | 0-2.5 | 0-0.5 | ≤0.05 | ≤0.06 | ≤0.06 |
Zimango katundu ndi kapangidwe metallographic
| Dzina | Kuuma Pamwamba (HB) | Mtengo wa Ak (J/cm2) | Microstructure |
| Mn14 Mill Liner | ≤240 | ≥100 | A+C |
| Mn18 Mill Liner | ≤260 | ≥150 | A+C |
| C -Carbide | Carbide A-yosungidwa austenite | Austenite | |||
Mafotokozedwe azinthu
| Kukula | Hole Dia. (mm) | Kutalika kwa Liner (mm) | ||
| ≤40 | ≥40 | ≤250 | ≥250 | |
| Kulekerera | + 20 | + 30 | + | + 30 |
Chrome Alloy Steel
Chromium aloyi kuponyedwa chitsulo ogaŵikana mkulu chromium aloyi kuponyedwa chitsulo (chromium zili 8-26% mpweya zili 2.0-3.6%), sing'anga chromium aloyi kuponyedwa chitsulo (chromium zili 4-6%, mpweya zili 2.0-3.2%), otsika chromium Mitundu itatu ya aloyi kuponyedwa chitsulo (chromium zili 1-3%, carbon zili 2.1-3.6%). Chochititsa chidwi ndi chakuti microhardness ya M7C3 eutectic carbide ndi HV1300-1800, yomwe imagawidwa mu mawonekedwe a maukonde osweka ndi olekanitsidwa pa martensite (yovuta kwambiri muzitsulo zachitsulo) masanjidwewo, kuchepetsa zotsatira za cleavage pa masanjidwewo. Chifukwa chake, cholumikizira chapamwamba cha chromium chimakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri, kulimba kwa mphero ya mpira, komanso kukana kuvala kwapamwamba, ndipo magwiridwe ake amayimira kuchuluka kwazinthu zomwe zitsulo sizimva kuvala.
Mapangidwe a Chemical
| Dzina | Mapangidwe a Chemical (%) | |||||||
| C | Si | Mn | Cr | Mo | Ku | P | S | |
| High Chrome Alloy Liner | 2.0-3.6 | 0-1.0 | 0-2.0 | 8-26 | ≤3.0 | ≤1.2 | ≤0.06 | ≤0.06 |
| Middle Chrome Alloy Liner | 2.0-3.3 | 0-1.2 | 0-2.0 | 4-8 | ≤3.0 | ≤1.2 | ≤0.06 | ≤0.06 |
| Low Chrome Alloy Liner | 2.1-3.6 | 0-1.5 | 0-2.0 | 1-3 | 0-1.0 | ≤1.2 | ≤0.06 | ≤0.06 |
Zimango katundu ndi kapangidwe metallographic
| Dzina | Pamwamba (HRC) Ak (J/cm2) | Microstructure | ||||
| High Chrome Alloy Liner | ≥58 | ≥3.5 | M+C+A | |||
| Middle Chrome Alloy Liner | ≥48 | ≥10 | M+C | |||
| Low Chrome Alloy Liner | ≥45 | ≥15 | M+C+P | |||
| M-Martensite | C-Carbide | A-Austenite | P-Pearlite | |||
Mafotokozedwe azinthu
| Kukula | Hole Dia. (mm) Kutalika kwa Liner (mm) | |||
| ≤40 | ≥40 | ≤250 | ≥250 | |
| Kulekerera | + 20 | + 30 | + | + 30 |
Cr-Mo Aloyi Chitsulo
H&G Machinery imagwiritsa ntchito chitsulo cha Cr-Mo alloy poponya mphero. Zinthuzi kutengera muyeso waku Australia, (AS2074 Standard L2B, ndi AS2074 Standard L2C) zimapatsa mphamvu komanso kukana kuvala pamapulogalamu onse opangira ma semi-autogenous mphero.
Mapangidwe a Chemical
| Kodi | Chemical Elements (%) | |||||||
| C | Si | Mn | Cr | Mo | Ku | P | S | |
| L2B | 0.6-0.9 | 0.4-0.7 | 0.6-1.0 | 1.8-2.1 | 0.2-0.4 | 0.3-0.5 | ≤0.04 | ≤0.06 |
| L2C | 0.3-0.45 | 0.4-0.7 | 1.3-1.6 | 2.5-3.2 | 0.6-0.8 | 0.3-0.5 | ≤0.04 | ≤0.06 |
Physical Property & Microstructure
| Kodi | Kuuma (HB) | Ak (J/cm2) | Microstructure |
| L2B | 325-375 | ≥50 | P |
| L2C | 350-400 | ≥75 | M |
| M-Martensite, C-Carbide, A-Austenite, P-Pearlite | |||
Ni-hard Steel
Ni-Hard ndi chitsulo choyera choyera, chosakanikirana ndi faifi tambala ndi chromium yoyenera kutsika pang'ono, ma abrasion otsetsereka pazonse zonyowa komanso zowuma. Ni-Hard ndi chinthu chosamva kuvala kwambiri, chopangidwa m'mawonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe omwe ndi abwino kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito pamapangidwe abrasive ndi kuvala ndi kugwiritsa ntchito.
Mapangidwe a Chemical
| Dzina | C | Si | Mn | Ndi | Cr | S | P | Mo | Kuuma |
| Ni-Hard AS2027 Gr Ni Cr 1-550 | 3.2-3.6 | 0.3-0.8 | 0.2-0.8 | 3.0-5.0 | 1.5-3.0 | ≤0.12 | ≤0.15 | ≤0.5 | 550-600HBN |
| Ni-Hard AS2027 Gr Ni Cr 2-550 | 2.8-3.2 | 0.3-0.8 | 0.2-0.8 | 3.0-5.0 | 1.5-3.0 | ≤0.12 | ≤0.15 | ≤0.5 | 500-550HBN |
| Ni-Hard AS2027 Gr Ni Cr 2-550 | 3.2-3.6 | 1.5-2.2 | 0.2-0.8 | 4.0-5.5 | 8.0-10.0 | ≤0.12 | ≤0.15 | ≤0.5 | 630-670HBN |
Chitsulo Choyera
Mapangidwe a Chemical
| Dzina | Mapangidwe a Chemical (%) | |||||||
| C | Si | Mn | Cr | Mo | Ku | P | S | |
| White Iron Steel Liner | 2.0-3.3 | 0-0.8 | ≤2.0 | 12-26 | ≤3.0 | ≤1.2 | ≤0.06 | ≤0.06 |
Physical Property & Microstructure
| Dzina | Mtengo wa HRC | Ak(J/cm2) | Microstructure |
| White Iron Steel Liner | ≥58 | ≥3.5 | M+C+A |
| M-Martensite C-Carbide A-Austenite | |||
Ngati muli ndi mafunso apadera, chonde lemberani injiniya wathu kuti akuthandizeni!
Nick Sun [email protected]
Nthawi yotumiza: Jun-19-2020