Darasin da za a koya daga yakin ciniki tsakanin Amurka da China da kuma kulle-kulle da coronavirus ya haifar da barna a kasuwanni da kuma haifar da yanayin hako ma'adanai - shi ne cewa Arewacin Amurka na bukatar kafa sarkar samar da kayayyaki a cikin gida.

Amurka ta mayar da martani ga rikicin COVID-19 ta hanyar rufe iyakokinta kuma kamfanonin sun mayar da martani ta hanyar iyakance samar da kayayyaki, yayin da ayyukan hakar ma'adinai a duniya suka tsaya.

Rufe masana'antun masana'antu a China wanda zai iya katse shigo da kasa daga Amurka wanda ba kasafai ake shigo da shi ba ya ba da haske kan gaskiyar al'ummar kasar ta dogara ga kasar Sin don bukatunta na kasa.

Gwamnatin Amurka ta kara kaimi wajen tabbatar da samar da ma'adanai masu mahimmanci daga wajen kasar Sin. A matsayin wani ɓangare na waɗannan tsare-tsare, kwanan nan ta rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar fahimtar juna tare da Greenland don gudanar da bincike mai zurfi don taswirar yanayin ƙasar.

Buƙatun abubuwan maganadisu na ƙasa da ba kasafai ake yin su ba musamman motocin lantarki, injin janareta na iska, na'urorin likitanci, wayoyi masu wayo, da sararin samaniya da aikace-aikacen tsaro.

Dala biliyan 14 da ba kasafai ba a shekara-shekara kasuwar maganadisu tana da sama da kashi 60% na China wanda, a karkashin Made in China 2025, yana ƙara yin amfani da magnetin ƙasa da ba kasafai ba a cikin samfuran da aka gama da kuma waɗanda ba a gama su ba, sabanin fitar da magnet ɗin, in ji Amurka. Rare Earth, mai ba da kuɗi da abokin haɓaka na Round Top nauyi ƙasa mai nauyi da aikin ma'adanai masu mahimmanci a Yammacin Texas, kuma majiyoyin masana'antu sun kiyasta kasuwar maganadisu da ba kasafai ba za ta kusan ninka sau biyu nan da 2027.

USA Rare Earth kuma tana siyan kayan aikin da ake buƙata don gina ƙaƙƙarfan wurin samar da maganadisu a cikin Amurka.

Iyakar ma'adinan da ba kasafai ke aiki ba a Amurka shine Mountain Pass a California. Bayan lokacin wasan asu, ya dawo samarwa - amma yanzu mallakar MP Materials ne, wanda kusan kashi goma na wani mai saka jari na kasar Sin.

Lokacin da Cibiyar Nazarin Yanayin Kasa ta Amurka ta yi rahotonta na shekara-shekara kan samar da ma'adinai - Amurka a fasaha ta samar da sifili na duniya oxides saboda ana jigilar abin da ke fitowa daga Mountain Pass zuwa China, Dan McGroarty, memba na hukumar ba da shawara ta Duniya Rare Earth, ya shaida wa MINING.COM .

Gina tarin ma'adanai masu mahimmanci

McGroarty ya ce a cikin 2014, gwamnatin Obama ta ayyana ƙasa guda biyu da ba kasafai ba, terbium da dysprosium, don kasancewa cikin jerin ƙasashen da ba kasafai ake samun su ba don saye cikin tarin Tsaron ƙasa.

"Wannan ya kasance a lokacin da babu kayan aikin terbium da dysprosium a Amurka. Waɗannan su ne mafi girma biyu mafi girma, ta ƙara, ƙasa mai ƙarancin ƙarfi waɗanda muke da su a Round Top. Dangane da haka, akwai daidaito mai ƙarfi sosai, ”in ji McGroarty.

"Shawarar da shugaban kasa ya yanke a bazarar da ta gabata, a karkashin dokar samar da tsaro (DPA)… don ayyana dukkan sarkar samar da kayayyaki ga kasa da kasa a matsayin 'mahimmanci ga tsaron kasa' a karkashin DPA, shine abin da ke ba da damar samar da kudade a sararin samaniyar da ba kasafai ba. – kuma akwai ƙarin zuwa,” in ji shi.

"Muna da ajiyar kuɗi na musamman ta fuskoki da yawa - muna da 16 daga cikin 17 da ba kasafai ba, tare da da yawa a cikin nau'ikan da ba kasafai ba waɗanda ke magana da aikace-aikacen tsaro da yawa, da masana'antu. Wataƙila ita ce mafi girman ajiya mafi girma a duniya a wajen China, "Pini Althaus, Shugaba na Amurka Rare Earth ya ce.

"Har ila yau, muna da adadi mai yawa na lithium, za mu zama na 2 mafi girma a Amurka nan da 2023, don haka muna da aiki iri-iri… tare da manyan abubuwan more rayuwa."

USA Rare Earth tana hasashen shekara 130 tare da rayuwata akan aikin, amma tattalin arzikin PEA ya mai da hankali kan shekaru 20 na farko.

Althaus ya ce suna iya tara ajiyar ajiya, wanda ke da wuya ga yawancin adibas din duniya.

Althaus ya ce, "Tsakanin capex da opex yana da karanci - za mu iya yin gogayya da kasar Sin kan farashi."

USA Rare Earth ta sanar a watan Disamba na 2019 suna buɗe wani wurin shuka matukin jirgi a cikin Wheat Ridge, Colorado don manufar cikakkiyar rabuwa da tsarkake ƙasa da ba kasafai ba da sauran karafa na fasaha da ma'adanai masu mahimmanci, waɗanda aka leaked daga tama daga aikin Round Top.

Kamfanin matukin jirgi na Colorado zai zama wurin sarrafa na farko a wajen kasar Sin tare da ikon raba cikakken kewayon kasa da ba kasafai ba - fitilu, tsaka-tsaki da nauyi.

Althaus ya ce za a koma da masana'antar zuwa Texas, inda za su fara aikin na ma'adinai.

Itacen alkama shine yanki na biyu na sarkar samar da iskar oxide mai ƙarancin ƙarfi na tushen Amurka 100%, yana zana kayan abinci daga Round Top.

An kammala ginin ginin na Colorado, kuma ana shirin buɗe shi a mako mai zuwa, in ji Althaus.

A farkon Afrilu, kamfanin ya ba da sanarwar cewa ya sayi na'urar kera na'ura na Neodymium iron boron (NdFeB) na dindindin na ƙwanƙwasa na zamani wanda Hitachi Metals America ta mallaka da kuma sarrafa shi a Arewacin Carolina.

USA Rare Earth za ta adana kayan aikin har sai an yanke shawarar inda za a gano sabon aikin maganadisu, tare da fifikon samun dama ga aikin Round Top.

Sojojin Amurka na cikin masu saka hannun jari mai yuwuwa - kuma Round Top wani bangare ne na roko.

An sami buƙatun biyu waɗanda suka fito daga Ma'aikatar Tsaro (DOD). Na farko ya rufe ƙarshen 2019 a kusa da aiki kuma yana jiran amsa. A ranar 2 ga Maris, an sake yin wani roƙon game da ƙasa mara nauyi.

Round Top ya kasance wani ɓangare na tallafin DOD, kamar yadda DOD ke ɗaukar ƙasa mai ƙarancin ƙarfi da yake son sarrafa da tsarkakewa.

USA Rare Earth ta sanar a cikin Maris na nadin Janar Paul J. Kern mai ritaya a kwamitin gudanarwarta.

Janar Kern memba ne na Hukumar Kimiyyar Tsaro, wanda dokar tarayya ta kafa a 1956 don ba da shawara da shawarwari masu zaman kansu kan kimiyya, fasaha, masana'antu, tsarin saye da manufofi, da sauran abubuwan da suka shafi Ma'aikatar Tsaro.

USA Rare Earth tana da niyyar samar da Round Top a cikin watanni 30, amma McGroarty ya ce idan za su iya hanzarta lokacin - za su yi.

"Shawarar da shugaban ya yanke a bazarar da ta gabata, a karkashin dokar samar da tsaro (DPA)… don ayyana sarkar samar da kayayyaki ga kasa da kasa a matsayin kayan gaggawa a karkashin DPA, shine abin da ke ba da damar samar da kudade a sararin samaniyar da ba kasafai ba - kuma akwai mai zuwa."

“Za a yi tasiri sosai kan tattalin arziki. Muna magana ne game da tasirin dala biliyan 500 zuwa dala tiriliyan 1, ta fuskar samar da ayyukan yi da masana'antu...komai ga bangaren motocin lantarki," in ji Althaus.

Althaus ya ce, "Daga hangen nesa mai amfani, daya daga cikin dalilan da kamfanoni da yawa ke tafiya a teku, farashin ma'aikata baya ga, albarkatun kasa da karfin sarrafa su a kasar Sin," in ji Althaus. "Batun tsaron kasa ne, batun tattalin arziki, batun masana'antu, samar da ayyukan yi, da Amurka… na kokarin dawo da hakan gida."

Niƙa mai sarrafa kansa sabon nau'in kayan niƙa ne tare da aikin murkushewa da aikin niƙa duka. Yana amfani da kayan niƙa kanta azaman matsakaici, ta hanyar tasirin juna da tasirin niƙa don cimma nasara. The Semi-autogenous niƙa ne don ƙara karamin adadin karfe bukukuwa a cikin autogenous niƙa, da aiki iya aiki za a iya ƙara da 10% - 30%, da makamashi amfani da naúrar samfurin za a iya rage da 10% - 20%, amma Lalacewar layin yana in ɗanɗano ya ƙaru da kashi 15%, kuma ingancin samfurin yana da ƙarfi. A matsayin wani muhimmin ɓangare na injin injin-autogenous, ƙwanƙwasa harsashi na jikin silinda ya lalace sosai saboda tasirin ƙwallon ƙarfe wanda aka ɗaga katako mai ɗagawa akan layin a wancan ƙarshen yayin aikin injin SAG.

A cikin 2009, an gina sabbin masana'antun sarrafa kayan masarufi guda biyu tare da diamita na 7.53 × 4.27 a cikin Panzhihua Iron da Karfe Co., Ltd., tare da ƙarfin ƙira na shekara-shekara na ton miliyan 2/seti. A cikin 2011, an gina wani sabon injin niƙa da diamita na 9.15 × 5.03 a Baima concentrator na Panzhihua Iron and Steel Co., Ltd., tare da ƙarfin ƙira na shekara-shekara na tan miliyan 5. Tun da gwajin aiki na Semi-autogenous niƙa da diamita na 9.15 × 5.03, harsashi liners da grid farantin na niƙa sau da yawa karya, da kuma aiki kudi ne kawai 55%, wanda tsanani rinjayar da samarwa da kuma yadda ya dace.

Kamfanin niƙa mai tsayin mita 9.15 a ma'adinan Baima na Panzhihua Iron and Karfe Group ya yi amfani da layin silinda da masana'antun da yawa suka samar. Rayuwar sabis mafi tsayi shine ƙasa da watanni 3, kuma mafi ƙarancin rayuwa shine mako ɗaya kawai, wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin ingancin injin injin sarrafa kansa da haɓakar farashin samarwa. H&G Machinery Co.; Ltd  ya zurfafa cikin rukunin injin niƙa mai tsayin mita 9.15 don ci gaba da bincike da gwaji. Ta hanyar inganta kayan aikin simintin gyare-gyare, tsarin simintin gyare-gyare, da tsarin kula da zafi, rayuwar sabis na harsashi da aka samar a cikin ma'adinan Baima ya wuce watanni 4, kuma tasirin ya bayyana a fili.

Sanadin nazarin ɗan gajeren rayuwa na SAG niƙa harsashi

Ma'auni da tsarin φ 9.15 × 5.03 Semi-autogenous niƙa a cikin Baima concentrator. Tebu 1 shine madaidaicin tebur:

Binciken gazawar tsofaffin manyan harsashi na SAG

Tun da ƙaddamar da φ 9.15 × 5.03 Semi-autogenous niƙa a cikin Baima concentrator, yawan aiki ya kasance kusan 55% ne kawai saboda lalacewa marar daidaituwa da maye gurbin injinan injin, wanda ke tasiri sosai ga fa'idodin tattalin arziki. Ana nuna babban yanayin rashin nasarar harsashi a cikin siffa 1 (a). Bisa ga binciken da aka yi a kan shafin, SAG mill shell liners da lattice plates sune manyan sassan gazawar, wanda ya dace da halin da ake ciki a cikin siffa 2 (b). Mun ware wasu dalilai, kawai daga lilin kanta bincike, manyan matsalolin sune kamar haka:

1. Saboda zaɓin kayan da ba daidai ba, farantin layin silinda na silinda ya lalace a cikin tsarin amfani, wanda ke haifar da haɓakar juna na farantin layi, yana haifar da raguwa da raguwa;

2. A matsayin maɓalli na maɓalli na silinda, saboda rashin juriya na lalacewa, lokacin da kauri na lilin ya kasance game da 30 mm, ƙarfin juzu'i na raguwa ya ragu, kuma ba za a iya tsayayya da tasirin ƙwallon ƙarfe ba, wanda ya haifar da karaya da raguwa. gogewa;

3. Simintin ingantattun lahani, kamar ƙazanta a cikin narkakkar karfe, babban abun ciki na iskar gas, da tsari mara ƙarfi, yana rage ƙarfi da taurin simintin.

Sabbin ƙirar kayan aikin SAG niƙa harsashi

Ka'idar zaɓin abun da ke tattare da sinadarai ita ce sanya kayan aikin injin harsashi da farantin grid su cika buƙatu masu zuwa:

1) Babban juriya na lalacewa. Sawa na harsashi da farantin grid shine babban abin da ke haifar da raguwar rayuwar sabis na harsashi, kuma juriya na lalacewa yana wakiltar rayuwar sabis na harsashi da grid farantin.

2) Babban tasiri tauri. Taurin tasiri sifa ce da za ta iya dawo da yanayin asali bayan ɗaukar wani ƙarfi na waje nan take. Don haka layin harsashi da farantin grid ba za su fashe ba yayin tasirin ƙwallon ƙarfe.

Haɗin Sinadari

1) Abubuwan da ke cikin carbon da C suna sarrafawa tsakanin 0.4% da 0.6% a ƙarƙashin yanayin lalacewa daban-daban, musamman ma nauyin tasiri;

2) Sakamakon ya nuna cewa abun ciki na Si da Si yana ƙarfafa ferrite, ƙara yawan yawan amfanin ƙasa, rage taurin da filastik, kuma suna da halin haɓaka fushi, kuma ana sarrafa abun ciki tsakanin 0.2-0.45%;

3) Mn abun ciki, Mn element yafi taka rawa na ƙarfafa bayani, inganta ƙarfi, taurin da juriya, ƙara fushi da rashin ƙarfi tsarin, da abun ciki ana sarrafa tsakanin 0.8-2.0%;

4) Abubuwan da ke cikin Chromium, Cr element, wani muhimmin mahimmanci na karfe mai jurewa, yana da tasiri mai karfi akan karfe kuma zai iya inganta ƙarfin, taurin da juriya na karfe, kuma ana sarrafa abun ciki tsakanin 1.4-3.0%;

5) Mo abun ciki, Mo element yana daya daga cikin manyan abubuwa na karfe mai jurewa, ƙarfafa ferrite, tsaftace hatsi, ragewa ko kawar da rashin tausayi, inganta ƙarfi da taurin karfe, ana sarrafa abun ciki tsakanin 0.4-1.0%;

6) Ana sarrafa abun ciki na Ni tsakanin 0.9-2.0%,

7) Lokacin da abun ciki na vanadium ya yi ƙanƙara, ana tsaftace ƙwayar hatsi kuma an inganta taurin. Ana iya sarrafa abun ciki na vanadium a cikin 0.03-0.08%;

8) Sakamakon ya nuna cewa tasirin dioxidation da haɓakar hatsi na titanium a bayyane yake, kuma ana sarrafa abun ciki tsakanin 0.03% da 0.08%;

9) Re iya tsarkake zukar karfe, tace microstructure, rage gas abun ciki, da sauran cutarwa abubuwa a karfe. Ƙarfin, filastik da juriya na gajiya na babban karfe za a iya sarrafawa a cikin 0.04-0.08%;

10) Ya kamata a sarrafa abun ciki na P da s a ƙasa da 0.03%.

Don haka abubuwan da ke tattare da sinadarai na sabon zanen SAG niƙa masu harsashi sune:

Fasahar Casting

Mabuɗin fasaha na simintin gyare-gyare

1. Carbon dioxide sodium silicate yashi mai taurin kai ana amfani da shi don tsananin sarrafa danshi na gyare-gyaren yashi;
2. Za a yi amfani da murfin foda mai tsabta na zircon foda, kuma ba za a yi amfani da samfuran da suka ƙare ba;
3. Yin amfani da kumfa don yin cikakken samfurin samfurin, kowane fillet na simintin dole ne a fitar da shi a jiki, yana buƙatar madaidaicin girman da tsari mai ma'ana;
4. A cikin tsarin gyare-gyaren, ya kamata a kula da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun, kuma ma'aikaci ya sanya yashi daidai, kuma yashi ya kamata ya zama cikakke kuma har ma, kuma a lokaci guda, ya kamata a guje wa lalacewar samfurin na ainihi;
5. A cikin aiwatar da gyare-gyaren gyare-gyare, girman ya kamata a bincika sosai don tabbatar da daidaiton girman ƙwayar yashi;
6. Dole ne a bushe ƙwayar yashi kafin rufe akwatin;
7. Bincika girman kowane cibiya don guje wa kaurin bango mara daidaituwa.

Tsarin simintin gyare-gyare

Zuba zafin jiki shine babban abin da ke shafar tsarin ciki na simintin gyare-gyare. Idan yawan zafin jiki ya yi yawa, zafi mai zafi na narkakken karfe yana da girma, yin simintin yana da sauƙi don samar da porosity na shrinkage da tsari mai zurfi; idan yawan zafin jiki ya yi ƙasa sosai, zafi mai zafi na karfe na ruwa kadan ne, kuma zubar bai isa ba. Ana sarrafa yawan zafin jiki tsakanin 1510 ℃ da 1520 ℃, wanda zai iya tabbatar da ingantaccen microstructure da cikakken cikawa. Gudun zuƙowa da ya dace shine mabuɗin ga ƙaƙƙarfan tsari kuma babu wani rami mai raguwa a cikin mai tashi. Lokacin zub da sauri yana kusa da matsayi na bututun ruwa mai sanyaya, ka'idar "jinkirin farko, sannan sauri, sannan jinkirin" za a bi. Wato a fara zuba a hankali. Lokacin da narkakkarfan ya shiga jikin simintin, ana ƙara saurin zubowa don sa narkakken ƙarfen ya tashi zuwa hawan da sauri, sannan kuma a hankali zuba. Lokacin da narkakkar karfe ya shiga 2/3 na tsayin hawan, ana amfani da mai hawan don gyara zubewar har zuwa ƙarshen zubar.

Maganin zafi

Daidaitaccen haɗaɗɗen ƙarfe na tsaka-tsaki da ƙananan ƙirar carbon na iya jinkirta canjin pearlite da haskaka canjin bainite ta yadda za a iya samun tsarin da ya mamaye bainite a cikin babban kewayon ci gaba da yanayin sanyaya bayan austenitizing, wanda ake kira bainitic karfe. Bainitic karfe iya samun mafi girma m Properties tare da ƙananan sanyaya kudi, don haka sauƙaƙa da zafi magani tsari da kuma rage nakasawa.

Isothermal magani

Babban nasara ce a fannin ƙarfe da ƙarfe don samun kayan ƙarfe na bainite ta hanyar maganin isothermal, wanda shine ɗayan hanyoyin haɓaka kayan ƙarfe na ƙarfe da nano karfe. Duk da haka, austempering tsari da kayan aiki ne hadaddun, makamashi amfani ne babba, samfurin farashin ne high, quenching matsakaici gurbatawa yanayi, dogon samar da sake zagayowar da sauransu.

Maganin sanyaya iska

Don shawo kan gazawar jiyya na isothermal, an shirya wani nau'in ƙarfe na bainitic ta hanyar sanyaya iska bayan jefawa. Duk da haka, don samun ƙarin bainite, jan karfe, molybdenum, nickel da sauran kayan haɗi masu daraja dole ne a ƙara, wanda ba wai kawai yana da tsada mai tsada ba amma yana da rashin ƙarfi.

Sarrafa sanyaya magani

Sarrafa sanyaya asali shine ra'ayi a cikin tsarin sarrafa mirgina karfe. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, ya ci gaba a cikin ingantacciyar hanyar magance zafi da ceton makamashi. A lokacin jiyya na zafi, ana iya samun ƙirar ƙirar da aka tsara kuma ana iya inganta kaddarorin ƙarfe ta hanyar sanyaya mai sarrafawa. Binciken da aka yi kan jujjuyawar sarrafawa da sanyaya ƙarfe ya nuna cewa sanyaya mai sarrafawa na iya haɓaka samuwar ƙarancin carbon bainite mai ƙarfi da tauri lokacin da sinadarin ƙarfe ya dace. Hanyoyin sanyaya da aka saba amfani da su na sanyaya jiki sun haɗa da sanyaya jet mai matsa lamba, sanyaya laminar, sanyaya labulen ruwa, sanyaya atomization, sanyayawar feshi, sanyayawar faranti, sanyin feshin ruwa-iska, da kashe kai tsaye, da dai sauransu 8 nau'ikan hanyoyin kwantar da hankali ana yawan amfani da su. .

Hanyar sarrafa zafi

Dangane da matsayin kayan aiki na kamfanin da ainihin yanayin, muna ɗaukar hanyar ci gaba da sanyaya zafi. Ƙayyadaddun tsari shine ƙara yawan zafin jiki ta AC3 + (50 ~ 100) centigrade bisa ga wani nau'i na dumama da kuma hanzarta sanyaya ta amfani da na'urar feshin ruwa mai sanyaya ruwa wanda kamfaninmu ya ƙera don kayan ya kasance mai sanyaya iska kuma taurin kai. Yana iya samun cikakken tsari na bainite mai kama da juna, cimma kyakkyawan aiki, a fili ya fi samfuran iri ɗaya, kuma yana kawar da nau'ikan fushi na biyu.

Sakamakon

• Tsarin ƙarfe: Girman hatsi 6.5
• HRC 45-50
• The harsashi liner na babban Semi-autogenous niƙa samar da kamfaninmu da aka yi amfani da kusan 3.5 shekaru a kan Φ 9.15 m Semi-autogenous niƙa a Baima mine na Panzhihua Iron da Karfe Group Co., Ltd. rayuwar sabis ya fi girma. Watanni 4, kuma rayuwar sabis mafi tsayi shine watanni 7. Tare da haɓakar rayuwar sabis, farashin niƙa naúrar yana raguwa sosai, yawan maye gurbin farantin rufi yana raguwa sosai, ingantaccen samarwa yana inganta sosai kuma fa'ida ta bayyana.
• Zaɓin kayan abu shine mabuɗin don inganta rayuwar sabis na masu aikin niƙa na manyan injina mai sarrafa kansa, kuma ƙaddamar da matakan ƙarfe shine hanya mai mahimmanci don inganta juriya na lalacewa.
• Tsarin bainite tare da babban ƙarfi da ƙarfi mai ƙarfi shine garanti don inganta rayuwar sabis na harsashi na injin niƙa mai sarrafa kansa.
• Tsarin simintin gyare-gyare da tsarin kula da zafi sun dace don tabbatar da cewa tsarin simintin yana da yawa, wanda zai iya inganta rayuwar sabis na babban injin niƙa mai sarrafa kansa.

Nick Sun       [email protected]