Chidzidzo chinodzidzwa kubva kuhondo yekutengeserana yeUS-China uye kuvharika-kwakakonzeresa kuvharika kuri kukanganisa misika uye kurova kugadzirwa kwemigodhi kwakaoma - ndeyekuti North America inofanirwa kumisa macheni akasimba ekupa mudzimba.

IUS yakapindura dambudziko recovid-19 nekuvhara miganhu yayo uye makambani akadaira nekudzikamisa kugadzirwa, sezvo mashandiro emigodhi pasi rose akamira.

Kuvharwa kwekugadzira zvidyarwa muChina izvo zvinogona kukanganisa kutengwa kwepasi zvisingawanzo kuUS kwakaratidza chiziviso pachokwadi chekuti nyika inovimba neChina nekuda kwayo isingawanzo kudiwa pasi.

Hurumende yeUS yawedzera kuyedza kuona kuti zvicherwa zvakakosha kubva kunze kweChina zviwanikwa. Sechikamu chezvirongwa izvi, nguva pfupi yadarika yakasaina memorandamu yekunzwisisana neGreenland kuita ongororo ye hyper-spectral yekumepu geology yenyika.

Kudiwa kwemagineti epasi asingawanzo kufambiswa zvakanyanya nemotokari dzemagetsi, majenareta emhepo, midziyo yekurapa, mafoni akangwara, uye aerospace uye zvidziviriro.

Iyo $ 14 bhiriyoni-pa-gore isingawanzo pasi magineti musika inodarika makumi matanhatu muzana inodzorwa neChina iyo, pasi peMade in China 2025, iri kuwedzera kushandisa isingawanzo magnets epasi muzvigadzirwa zvakapedzwa uye zvakapedzwa, kusiyana nekutumira magineti kunze kwenyika, inodaro USA. Rare Earth, mubatsiri wemari uye wekusimudzira weRound Top inorema isingawanzo pasi uye yakakosha zvicherwa chirongwa muWest Texas, uye masosi emaindasitiri anofungidzira isingawanzo musika wemagineti wepasi uchada kupeta kaviri panosvika 2027.

USA Rare Earth iri kutenga zvakare michina inodiwa kuvaka iyo chete isingawanzo pasi magineti yekugadzira nzvimbo muAmerica.

Mugodhi chete unoshanda usingawanzo wanikwa muUS iMountain Pass muCalifornia. Mushure menguva yemothball, yadzoka mukugadzirwa - asi ikozvino yave yeMP Materials, iyo inenge yegumi-yemuridzi weChina.

Kana US Geological Survey ichiita chirevo chayo chegore nezvekugadzirwa kwezvicherwa - US iri kugadzira zero rare earth oxides nekuti zviri kubuda muMountain Pass zviri kuendeswa kuChina, Dan McGroarty, USA Rare Earth advisory board member, akaudza MINING.COM .

Kuvaka murwi wakakosha wezvicherwa

VaMcGroarty vakati muna 2014, hutongi hwaObama hwakasarudza mavhu maviri asingawanzoitiki, terbium nedysprosium, kuti ave parunyorwa rwepasi risingawanikwe kuti atore mudura reNational Defense.

"Iyo yaive panguva iyo pakanga pasina terbium uye dysprosium kugadzirwa muUS. Aya ndiwo maviri makuru, nehuwandu, nyika isingawanzo yatinayo paRound Top. Nekuda kweizvozvo, pane kurongeka kwakasimba, ”akadaro McGroarty.

"Sarudzo yakaitwa neMutungamiriri zhizha rapfuura, pasi peDefence Production Act (DPA) ... kudoma cheni yese yekupa pasi isingawanzo 'yakakosha mukudzivirira nyika' pasi peDPA, ndizvo zvinobvumira mari munzvimbo isingawanzo pasi. - uye kune zvimwe zviri kuuya," akadaro.

"Tine dhipoziti yakasarudzika mune akati wandei - tine gumi nematanhatu pagumi nenomwe pasi rose, ane akawanda ari muzvikamu zvisingawanzo revapasi anotaura nezvezvikumbiro zvekudzivirira, nekugadzira. Iyo ingangove yakanyanya kurema isingawanzo dhipoziti pasi rose kunze kweChina, "Pini Althaus, CEO weUSA Rare Earth akadaro.

"Isu zvakare tine huwandu hwakakosha hwelithium, tichave wechipiri pakukura mugadziri weUS panosvika 2023, saka tine chirongwa chakasiyana-siyana ... chine zvivakwa zvikuru."

USA Rare Earth inofungidzira makore zana nemakumi matatu pamwe nehupenyu hwangu papurojekiti, asi hupfumi hwePEA hunotariswa pamakore makumi maviri ekutanga.

Althaus akati vanokwanisa kuunganidza dhipoziti, iyo isingawanzo kuwanikwa kune yakawanda isingawanzo dhipoziti pasi.

"Pakati pe capex yedu uye opex kuve yakaderera - isu tinokwanisa kukwikwidza neChina pamitengo," akadaro Althaus.

USA Rare Earth yakazivisa muna Zvita 2019 kuti vari kuvhura nzvimbo yekudyara chirimwa muWheat Ridge, Colorado nechinangwa chekuparadzanisa zvizere nekuchenesa pasi risingawanzo uye mamwe masimbi etekinoroji nemaminerari akakosha, akaburitswa kubva kuOre kubva kuRound Top chirongwa.

Iyo Colorado pilot plant ichave yekutanga kugadzirisa nzvimbo kunze kweChina nekukwanisa kuparadzanisa huwandu hwakazara hwepasi zvisingawanzo - mwenje, mids uye huremu.

Althaus akati chirimwa ichi chichaendeswa kuTexas, kwavanozotanga kuvaka mugodhi.

Chirimwa cheWheat Ridge chikamu chechipiri che100% US-based rare earths oxide supply cheni, ichidhirowa pafeedstock kubva Round Top.

Kuvakwa kwenzvimbo yeColorado kwapera, uye kuri kutarisirwa kuvhurwa svondo rinotevera, Althaus akadaro.

Kutanga kwaKubvumbi, kambani yakazivisa kuti yakatenga neodymium iron boron (NdFeB) zvechigarire magineti yekugadzira michina yaimbove uye yaishandiswa muNorth Carolina neHitachi Metals America.

USA Rare Earth ichachengetera midziyo yakamirira sarudzo pamusoro pekutsvagisa magineti, nekutanga kuve kuwana kwakanaka kuRound Top purojekiti.

Mauto eUS ari pakati pevanogona kuisa mari - uye Round Top chikamu chekukumbira.

Pave paine zvikumbiro zviviri zvakabuda muDhipatimendi reDziviriro (DOD). Yekutanga yakavharwa kunonoka 2019 kutenderedza kugadzirisa uye yakamirira mhinduro. Musi waKurume 2, pakanga paine kumwe kukumbira kwakatenderedza mapasi echiedza asingawanzo.

Round Pamusoro yanga iri chikamu chekupihwa kweDOD, sezvo DOD inotora mavhu asingawanzo yainoda kugadziriswa nekucheneswa.

USA Rare Earth yakazivisa muna Kurume kugadzwa kweMukuru Wemauto akarega basa Paul J. Kern kubhodhi rayo revatungamiriri.

General Kern inhengo yeDefence Science Board, yakavambwa nemutemo wemubatanidzwa muna 1956 kuti ipe yakazvimirira mazano uye kurudziro pasainzi, tekinoroji, kugadzira, kutora maitiro uye marongero, uye zvimwe zvinhu zvinofarirwa neDhipatimendi reDziviriro.

USA Rare Earth ine chinangwa chekuve neRound Top mukugadzirwa mukati memwedzi makumi matatu, asi McGroarty akati kana vakakwanisa kumhanyisa nguva - vachadaro.

"Sarudzo yakaitwa nemutungamiri wenyika zhizha rapfuura, pasi peDefense Production Act (DPA) ... kuronga ketani yese yekugovera pasirese sechinhu chekukurumidzira pasi peDPA, ndizvo zvinobvumira mari munzvimbo isingawanzo pasi - uye kune zvimwe zviri kuuya."

“Kuchave nekukanganisa zvakanyanya hupfumi. Tiri kutaura nezve $500 bhiriyoni kusvika kumadhora 1 tiririyoni, maererano [ne] kusika mabasa nekugadzira…zvese kuchikamu chemotokari dzemagetsi,” akadaro Althaus.

"Nemaonero anoshanda, chimwe chezvikonzero zvakaita kuti makambani mazhinji aende kumahombekombe, mari yevashandi parutivi, zvigadzirwa uye kugona kugadzirisa zviri kuChina," akadaro Althaus. "Inyaya yekuchengetedzwa kwenyika, inyaya yehupfumi, inyaya yekugadzira, kugadzira mabasa, uye US ... iri kuyedza kudzosa kumba."

Autogenous mill rudzi rutsva rwezviyo zvekukuya zvine mabasa ese ekupwanya nekukuya. Inoshandisa iyo yekukuya pachayo seyepakati, kuburikidza nekubatana kwekuita uye kugaya kuita kuti iwane comminution. Iyo semi-autogenous mill ndeyekuwedzera mabhora mashoma esimbi muchigayo chega, kugona kwayo kwekugadzirisa kunogona kuwedzerwa ne10% - 30%, kushandiswa kwesimba pane chimwe chigadzirwa chinogona kuderedzwa ne10% - 20%, asi iyo Kupfeka kwe liner kunowedzerwa ne15%, uye kunaka kwechigadzirwa kwakawedzera. Sechikamu chakakosha che semi-autogenous mill, ma shell liners e cylinder body akakuvadzwa zvakanyanya nekuda kwekukanganisa kwebhora resimbi rakasimudzwa neiyo liner yekusimudza danda pane liner kune imwe magumo panguva yekushanda kweSAG mill.

Muna 2009, maviri matsva semi-autogenous mill ane dhayamita ye7.53 × 4.27 akavakwa muPanzhihua Iron uye Steel Co., Ltd., ane gore negore dhizaini yematani 2 miriyoni / set. Muna 2011, imwe nyowani semi-autogenous mill ine dhayamita ye9.15 × 5.03 yakavakwa muBaima concentrator yePanzhihua Iron uye Steel Co., Ltd., ine gore negore dhizaini yematani mazana mashanu emamiriyoni. Kubva pakuedzwa kweiyo semi-autogenous mill ine dhayamita ye9.15 × 5.03, magoko evhare uye grid plate yeguyo kazhinji inopwanyika, uye chiyero chekushanda chinongova 55%, izvo zvinokanganisa zvakanyanya kugadzirwa nekubudirira.

Iyo 9.15 m semi-autogenous mill muBaima mine yePanzhihua Iron and Steel Group yakashandisa silinda liner inogadzirwa nevazhinji vanogadzira. Hupenyu hurefu hwesevhisi husingasviki mwedzi mitatu, uye hupenyu hupfupi ivhiki imwe chete, izvo zvinotungamira kune yakaderera kunyatsoshanda kwesemi-autogenous mill uye yakawedzera zvakanyanya mutengo wekugadzira. H&G Machinery Co.; Ltd  yakapinda mukati mesaiti ye9.15 m semi autogenous mill yekuenderera mberi nekuferefeta uye bvunzo. Kuburikidza nekugadzirisa kwezvinhu zvekukanda, maitiro ekukanda, uye nzira yekurapa kwekupisa, hupenyu hwebasa hwema shell liners anogadzirwa muBaima mine hwakapfuura mwedzi mina, uye mhedzisiro yacho iri pachena.

Chikonzero kuongororwa kwehupenyu hupfupi nyowani yeSAG mill shell liners

Iyo paramita uye chimiro che φ 9.15 × 5.03 semi-autogenous mill muBaima concentrator. Tafura 1 ndiyo parameter tafura:

Kutadza kuongororwa kwekare SAG mill shell liners

Kubva pakutumirwa kwe φ 9.15 × 5.03 semi-autogenous mill muBaima concentrator, chiyero chekushanda chinongosvika 55% nekuda kwekukuvara kusingaenzaniswi nekutsiviwa kwezvigayo, izvo zvinokanganisa zvakanyanya mabhenefiti ehupfumi. Iyo huru yekutadza maitiro eiyo shell liner inoratidzwa muFig. 1 (a). Maererano ne-on-site tsvakurudzo, iyo SAG mill shell liners uye lattice ndiro ndiyo huru yekukundikana zvikamu, izvo zvinopindirana nemamiriro ezvinhu muFig. 2 (b). Isu tinobvisa zvimwe zvinhu, chete kubva kune liner pachayo kuongororwa, matambudziko makuru ndeaya anotevera:

1. Pamusana pekusarudzwa kwezvinhu zvisina kunaka, chidimbu chechidimbu chesilinda chinosvibisa mukati mekushandiswa kwekushandiswa, izvo zvinoguma nekubatana pamwe chete kweplate ye liner, zvichiita kuti kuputsika uye kuputika;

2. Sezvo chikamu chakakosha che cylinder liner, nekuda kwekushayikwa kwekusagadzikana kwekupfeka, apo hupamhi hwehuni hunenge hunenge 30 mm, simba rose rekukanda rinoderera, uye kukanganisa kwebhora resimbi hakugoni kudziviswa, zvichiita kuti kuputsika uye kuputika. scrapping;

3. Kukanganisa kwemhando yekukanda, senge tsvina musimbi yakanyungudutswa, yakakwira gasi yemukati, uye isina compact chimiro, inoderedza kusimba uye kusimba kwekukanda.

Dhizaini nyowani yeSAG mill shell liners

Nheyo yekusarudzwa kwemakemikari kuumbwa ndeyekuita kuti ma mechanic zvivakwa zve shell liner uye grid plate isangane nezvinotevera zvinodiwa:

1) High kupfeka kuramba. Kupfeka kweshell liner uye grid plate ndicho chinhu chikuru chinotungamira mukudzikira kwehupenyu hwesevhisi yeshell liner, uye kupfeka kuramba kunomiririra hupenyu hwesevhisi yeshell liner uye grid plate.

2) Kuomarara kwakanyanya. Impact kuoma hunhu hunogona kudzoreredza mamiriro ekutanga mushure mekutakura rimwe simba rekunze ipapo ipapo. Kuti iyo shell liner uye grid plate isatsemuka panguva yekukanganisa kwesimbi bhora.

Kuumbwa Kwemakemikari

1) Zviri mukati kabhoni neC zvinodzorwa pakati pe0.4% uye 0.6% pasi pemamiriro akasiyana ekupfeka, kunyanya mutoro wekukanganisa;

2) Zvigumisiro zvinoratidza kuti zvinyorwa zveSi uye Si zvinosimbisa ferrite, kuwedzera chiyero chezvibereko, kuderedza kuoma uye plastiki, uye kuva netsika yekuwedzera kutsamwa, uye zvinyorwa zvinodzorwa pakati pe0.2-0.45%;

3) Mn zvemukati, Mn element inonyanya kuita basa rekusimbisa mhinduro, kuvandudza simba, kuomarara uye kupfeka kuramba, kuwedzera hasha brittleness uye coarsening chimiro, uye zvirimo zvinodzorwa pakati pe0.8-2.0%;

4) Chromium content, Cr element, chinhu chinokosha chekupfeka-resistant simbi, ine simba guru rekusimbisa pasimbi uye inogona kuvandudza simba, kuoma uye kupfeka kusagadzikana kwesimbi, uye zvinyorwa zvinodzorwa pakati pe1.4-3.0%;

5) Mo content, Mo element ndechimwe chezvinhu zvikuru zvekupfeka-resistant simbi, kusimbisa ferrite, kunatsa zviyo, kuderedza kana kubvisa hasha brittleness, kuvandudza simba uye kuoma kwesimbi, zvinyorwa zvinodzorwa pakati pe0.4-1.0%;

6) Zviri muNi zvinodzorwa mukati me0.9-2.0%,

7) Kana zviri mukati mevanadium zvishoma, saizi yezviyo inonatswa uye kuoma kunovandudzwa. Zvinyorwa zvevanadium zvinogona kudzorwa mukati me 0.03-0.08%;

8) Mhedzisiro inoratidza kuti deoxidation uye zviyo zvekunatsa mhedzisiro yetitanium zviri pachena, uye zvirimo zvinodzorwa pakati pe0.03% ne0.08%;

9) Re inogona kuchenesa simbi yakanyungudutswa, kunatsa microstructure, kuderedza gasi zvirimo, uye zvimwe zvinokuvadza musimbi. Simba, plastiki uye kuneta kuramba kwesimbi yakakwirira inogona kudzorwa mukati me 0.04-0.08%;

10) Zvinyorwa zveP uye s zvinofanira kudzorwa pasi pe0.03%.

Saka kuumbwa kwemakemikari kweiyo nyowani dhizaini SAG mill shell liners ndeiyi:

Sravana Sameeralu Serial 4th Casting Technology

Zvinhu zvakakosha zvetekinoroji yekukanda

1. Carbon dioxide sodium silicate self-harding jecha inoshandiswa kunyatso kudzora mwando wejecha rekuumba;
2. Doro-based pure zircon poda coating ichashandiswa, uye zvigadzirwa zvakapera hazvifanirwe kushandiswa;
3. Uchishandisa furo kugadzira sampuli yakasimba, imwe neimwe yekukanda fillet inofanirwa kuburitswa kunze kwemuviri, ichida saizi chaiyo uye chimiro chinonzwisisika;
4. Mukuita kuumba, deformation inofanira kunyatsodzorwa, uye mushandisi anofanira kuisa jecha zvakaenzana, uye jecha mold inofanira kunge yakanyatsokwana uye kunyange, uye panguva imwe chete, deformation yemuenzaniso chaiwo inofanira kudziviswa;
5. Mukuita kwekugadzirisa mold, ukuru hunofanira kunyatsotariswa kuti ive nechokwadi chechokwadi chejecha mold;
6. Iyo mold yejecha inofanira kuomeswa isati yavhara bhokisi;
7. Tarisa saizi yepakati yega yega kudzivirira kusaenzana kwemadziro ukobvu.

Casting process

Kudurura tembiricha ndicho chinhu chikuru chinokanganisa chimiro chemukati chekukanda. Kana tembiricha yekudurura yakanyanya, kupisa kunopisa kwesimbi yakanyungudutswa kwakakura, kukanda kuri nyore kugadzira shrinkage porosity uye chimiro chakakora; kana tembiricha yekudurura yakanyanya kuderera, kupisa kwakanyanya kwesimbi yemvura kudiki, uye kudurura hakuna kukwana. Tembiricha yekudurura inodzorwa pakati pe1510 ℃ uye 1520 ℃, iyo inogona kuvimbisa yakanaka microstructure uye kuzadza kwakakwana. Kudurura kwakaringana kumhanya ndiyo kiyi kune compact chimiro uye hapana shrinkage mhango mumukwidza. Kana kukurumidza kudururira kuri pedyo nenzvimbo yepombi yemvura inotonhorera, nheyo ye "inononoka kutanga, ipapo inokurumidza, uye inononoka" ichateverwa. Ndiko kutanga kudira zvishoma nezvishoma. Kana simbi yakanyungudutswa ichipinda mumutumbi wekukanda, kukurumidza kwekudira kunowedzerwa kuita kuti simbi yakanyungudutswa ikwire kumukwidza nekukasira, uye ipapo kudira kunononoka. Kana simbi yakanyungudutswa yapinda pa 2/3 yehukwiridzo hurefu, chinosimudzwa chinoshandiswa kugadzira kudira kusvika pakupera kwekudira.

Kurapa kwekupisa

Kudyidzana kwakakodzera kwepakati uye kwakaderera kabhoni zvimiro zvesimbi zvinogona kunonoka zvakanyanya shanduko yepearlite uye kuratidza shanduko yebainite kuitira kuti iyo bainite inotongwa chimiro inogona kuwanikwa muhuwandu hukuru hwekuenderera kutonhora chiyero mushure meaustenitizing, iyo inonzi bainitic simbi. Bainitic simbi inogona kuwana yakakwirira yakazara zvivakwa ine yakaderera kutonhora mwero, nokudaro kurerutsa maitiro ekupisa kupisa uye kuderedza deformation.

Isothermal kurapwa

Iko kubudirira kukuru mumunda wesimbi nesimbi simbi kuwana bainite simbi zvinhu neisothermal kurapwa, inova imwe yenzira yekugadzira super simbi uye nano simbi zvinhu. Nekudaro, maitiro ekugadzirisa uye michina yakaoma, kushandiswa kwesimba kwakakura, mutengo wechigadzirwa wakakwira, kudzima nharaunda yekusvibiswa kwepakati, kutenderera kwenguva refu uye zvichingodaro.

Kutonhora kwemhepo kurapwa

Kuti akunde zvikanganiso zvekurapa isothermal, rudzi rwesimbi yebainitic yakagadzirwa nemhepo inotonhorera mushure mekukanda. Zvisinei, kuti uwane mamwe bainite, mhangura, molybdenum, nickel uye mamwe alloys anokosha anofanira kuwedzerwa, ayo asina kungova nemutengo wakakwirira asiwo ane kuoma kwakashata.

Kunodzorwa kutonhora kurapwa

Kutonhodza kunodzorwa pakutanga yaive pfungwa mukuita kwekukunguruka kwesimbi. Mumakore achangopfuura, yakagadziridzwa kuva nzira inoshanda uye inochengetedza kupisa kupisa. Munguva yekurapa kwekupisa, iyo yakagadzirwa microstructure inogona kuwanikwa uye zvinhu zvesimbi zvinogona kuvandudzwa nekudzora kutonhora. Tsvagiridzo yekutenderedzwa nekutonhodzwa kwesimbi inoratidza kuti kutonhorera kunodzorwa kunogona kukurudzira kuumbwa kweiyo yakasimba uye yakaoma yakaderera kabhoni bainite kana kemikari yesimbi yakakodzera. Nzira dzinowanzoshandiswa dzekutonhodza kunodzorwa dzinosanganisira pressure jet cooling, laminar cooling, water curtain cooling, atomization cooling, spray cooling, plate turbulent cooling, water-air spray cooling, and direct quenching, etc. 8 marudzi ekudzora kutonhodza nzira dzinowanzoshandiswa. .

Heat treatment processing method

Zvinoenderana nemamiriro emidziyo yekambani uye mamiriro chaiwo, isu tinotora inoenderera inotonhorera kupisa kupisa nzira. Iyo chaiyo maitiro ndeyekuwedzera tembiricha yekudziya ne AC3 + (50 ~ 100) centigrade zvinoenderana neimwe chiyero chekudziya uye nekumhanyisa kutonhora nekushandisa mvura-yemhepo yekupfapfaidza yekutonhora mudziyo wakagadzirwa nekambani yedu kuitira kuti zvinhu zvacho zvitonhodzwe nemhepo uye. self hardened. Inogona kuwana yakakwana uye yakaenzana bainite chimiro, kuita yakanakisa kuita, sezviri pachena yepamusoro kune zvakafanana zvigadzirwa, uye kubvisa yechipiri mhando dzehasha brittleness.

The Results

• Metallographic chimiro: 6.5 giredhi Saizi yezviyo
• HRC 45-50
• Iyo shell liner yeguyo hombe semi-autogenous inogadzirwa nekambani yedu yave ichishandiswa kwemakore anoda kusvika 3.5 pa Φ 9.15 m semi-autogenous mill muBaima mine yePanzhihua Iron and Steel Group Co., Ltd. hupenyu hwesevhisi hunodarika Mwedzi mina, uye hupenyu hwakareba hwesevhisi ndeye 7 mwedzi. Nekuwedzera kwehupenyu hwebasa, iyo unit yekukuya mutengo inoderedzwa zvakanyanya, kuwanda kwekutsiva iyo lining plate kunoderedzwa zvakanyanya, mashandiro ekugadzira anovandudzwa zvakanyanya uye kubatsirwa kuri pachena.
• Kusarudzwa kwezvinhu ndiyo kiyi yekuvandudza hupenyu hwesevhisi yezvigayo zveguyo hombe semi-autogenous mill, uye alloying yemagiredhi esimbi inzira inoshanda yekuvandudza kusakara kwekupfeka.
• Iyo bainite chimiro chine simba rakawanda uye kuomarara kwepamusoro ndiyo vimbiso yekuvandudza hupenyu hwesevhisi yeshell liner yesemi-autogenous mill.
• Iyo yekukanda maitiro uye kupisa kupisa maitiro akakwana kuti ave nechokwadi chekuti chimiro chekukanda chakakora, chinogona kunyatso kuvandudza hupenyu hwesevhisi yesemi-autogenous mill shell liner.

Nick Sun       [email protected]