Loaʻa ka manaʻo maikaʻi o ka lāhui keleawe nui loa i ka kahe o ka nūhou
Ke hoʻouka ʻia nei nā mea kālepa keleawe me nā mea hoʻokele kumu kūʻai i kēia manawa - mai $ 1 trillion i ka hoʻolimalima ʻana o ka US i ka nalu lua o Covid-19 ma Kina. No ka mea wānana kūhelu o Chile, ʻoi aku ka manaʻo o ka hopena.
E ʻoi aku paha nā kumukūʻai ma mua o $2.50 i hoʻokahi paona i kēia makahiki, e like me ka Marco Riveros, ke poʻo o ka hui aupuni ʻo Cochilco. A hiki i kēia makahiki, aia ka awelika ma lalo o kēlā pae.
Me ke koi i kākoʻo ʻia e ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana ma ʻEulopa a me ka noi ʻana o ka Pelekikena Trump, aia ka mea hoʻoikaika no nā mines Chile e hoʻomau i ka hana ma kahi kokoke i nā pae hiki, wahi a Riveros i ka hālāwai ninaninau i ka Pōʻalua.
Ma kahi ʻāina i hana i 5.8 miliona mau tone o ka metala ʻulaʻula i ka makahiki i hala aku nei, hiki i nā pilikia Covid-19 ke kūʻai aku ma kahi o 75,000 tons a i ʻole 400,000 tons, wahi a ke keʻena. Ma kahi o ka waena o kēlā laula, ma kahi o 200,000 tons, he manaʻo kūpono ia, wahi āna.
ʻO ka nui o nā mea hoʻololi e paʻakikī i nā wānana no ka wā pōkole. Ke hoʻololi mau nei nā ʻoihana i kā lākou mau hoʻolālā mining i ko lākou alualu ʻana i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka huahana i ka wā e hana ana me nā limahana liʻiliʻi. Ke hāʻule nei ka nui o nā limahana, ke kāhea nei nā uniona Chile no ka kaupalena ʻana i nā hana.
ʻOiai ʻo ke olakino ka mea nui loa a hiki i kekahi mau mines ke hakakā i ka mālama ʻana i nā huahana, ʻo ka ʻike a Cochilco e ʻike ʻia ka ʻoihana me ka manaʻo maikaʻi, wahi a Riveros.
"Ma kahi o Chile, ua loaʻa mau i ka mining ka hiki ke hoʻoikaika i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka hoʻokele waiwai, a ma kēia hihia, hoʻihoʻi hou ka hoʻokele waiwai," wahi āna.
Ma kahi ʻōlelo e hōʻoluʻolu i nā ʻāʻī o ka hana a hoʻomau i ka holo ʻana o nā mines, ke hana nei ke aupuni i nā ala e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka ʻike Covid-19.
Ke nānā nei ʻo Mining Mining Baldo Prokurica i ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka ʻikepili maʻi mai nā luna olakino kūloko, ma mua o nā hui wale nō. Hiki i ke aupuni ke hōʻike i nā hopena o ka loiloi i ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻokō ʻana o nā mines me nā protocols-kaua ʻana, i ʻōlelo ai ʻo ia ma kahi ninaninau i ka Pōʻakahi.
I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me Peru e pili ana, ua koho ʻo Chile e hoʻomau i ka mining i ka wā i pā ai ka maʻi, hoʻokō i nā hana palekana a me ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā limahana koʻikoʻi ʻole me ka ʻole o ka ʻai ʻana i nā huahana. No Prokurica, he hana kaulike ia no ka mālama pono ʻana i ka poʻe limahana a me ka holo ʻana o ka loaʻa kālā ma waho.
"E hana ana mākou i nā mea āpau i hiki i ka ʻāina ke hōʻoiaʻiʻo i nā limahana o kā lākou mau hana, a i ka manawa like ka hoʻomau ʻana, ʻoiai e pale ana i ke olakino a me ka palekana o kā mākou poʻe limahana," wahi āna.
Ua piʻi aʻe ka haunaele i ka pule i hala ma hope o ka make ʻana o kahi limahana ma ka moku'āina ʻo Codelco's Chuquicamata mine i ka maʻi. Ua hoʻouna ke kuhina i nā mea nānā hou e nānā i ke kūlana ma nā mines, me 1,600 mau loiloi i mālama ʻia i kēia manawa.
Ma ka hopena pule, ʻehiku mau pūʻulu e pani ana i nā limahana a me nā ʻaelike i hoʻopuka i kahi kāhea no ke aupuni e loiloi hou i nā hana eli. Ma ka Pōʻalua, ua ʻōlelo ka Federation of Copper Workers ʻaʻole i ʻae ʻia nā alakaʻi o nā uniona e komo i ka mine Chuquicamata e nānā i ka hoʻokō protocol i ka hiʻohiʻona hou loa o ka "hana haʻaheo."
Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Prokurica, ke hana nei ka ʻoihana i nā hana koʻikoʻi e pale aku i nā limahana, me ka hoʻāʻo ʻana, ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana a me ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana i ka hapalua o ka nui o nā limahana. ʻOiai ke piʻi nei nā maʻi i ka lāhui, ua ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka mining ma mua o nā ʻoihana ʻē aʻe, me ka 0.5% wale nō o ka poʻe hana e hāʻule ana i ka maʻi, wahi āna.
"ʻAʻohe mea maʻamau i ka ʻoihana keleawe i kēia manawa," wahi a Prokurica. "Aia mākou i ka manawa paʻakikī loa o ka maʻi maʻi ma Chile."
Ke Koho Mea Pili Paa Poepoe
ʻO nā mea i ʻoki ʻia, nā kūlana hana ʻokoʻa e pono ai nā liner material e kūpono. Eia kekahi, ʻo ke keʻena wili liʻiliʻi a me ka ʻāpana wili maikaʻi e pono ai i nā mea liner ʻokoʻa.
H&G Machinery i kēia mau mea e hoʻolei ai i kāu liner wili pōlele:
hao Manganese
He 11-14% ka nui o ka manganese o ka mea kila manganese kiʻekiʻe he 11-14%, a he 0.90-1.50% ka nui o ke kalapona, ʻoi aku ka nui ma luna o 1.0%. Ma nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, hiki i ka paʻakikī ke hiki i HB300-400. Ma nā haʻahaʻa hopena kiʻekiʻe, hiki i ka paʻakikī ke hiki i HB500-800. Ma muli o ke kaumaha o ka hopena, hiki i ka hohonu o ka papa paʻakikī ke hiki i 10-20mm. Hiki i ka papa paʻakikī me ka paʻakikī kiʻekiʻe ke pale aku i ka hopena a hoʻemi i ka lole abrasive. Loaʻa i ke kila manganese kiʻekiʻe ka hana anti-wear maikaʻi ma lalo o ke kūlana o ka ʻaʻahu abrasive hopena ikaika, no laila hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i nā ʻāpana pale ʻaʻahu o ka mining, nā mea hana, ka mana wela, a me nā mea hana ʻē aʻe. Ma lalo o nā kūlana haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, ʻaʻole hiki i ke kila manganese kiʻekiʻe ke hana i nā ʻano o ka mea no ka mea ʻaʻole maopopo ka hopena paʻakikī o ka hana.
Hoʻohui Kimia
| Inoa | Ka Hui Kemika（%） | |||||||
| C | ʻO Si | ʻO Mn | Cr | Mo | Cu | P | S | |
| Mn14 Mill Liner | 0.9-1.5 | 0.3-1.0 | 11-14 | 0-2.5 | 0-0.5 | ≤0.05 | ≤0.06 | ≤0.06 |
| Mn18 Mill Liner | 1.0-1.5 | 0.3-1.0 | 16-19 | 0-2.5 | 0-0.5 | ≤0.05 | ≤0.06 | ≤0.06 |
Mechanical waiwai a me metallographic hana
| Inoa | ʻO ka ʻili paʻakikī（HB） | Waiwai hopena Ak（J/cm2） | Microstructure |
| Mn14 Mill Liner | ≤240 | ≥100 | A+C |
| Mn18 Mill Liner | ≤260 | ≥150 | A+C |
| C -Carbide | Carbide A-austenite paʻa | Austenite | |||
Hōʻike huahana
| Nui | Hole Dia.（mm） | Ka lōʻihi o ka laina （mm） | ||
| ≤40 | ≥40 | ≤250 | ≥250 | |
| Hoʻomanawanui | +20 | +30 | +2 | +3 |
Ke kila kila Chrome
Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka hao hao chromium kiʻekiʻe (chromium content 8-26% carbon content 2.0-3.6%), medium chromium alloy cast iron (chromium content 4-6%, carbon content 2.0-3.2%), haʻahaʻa chromium ʻEkolu mau ʻano o ka hao i hoʻolei ʻia (chromium content 1-3%, carbon content 2.1-3.6%). ʻO kāna hiʻohiʻona kupaianaha ʻo ka microhardness o ka M7C3 eutectic carbide ʻo HV1300-1800, ka mea i puʻunaue ʻia ma ke ʻano o kahi pūnaewele haʻihaʻi a hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ma ka martensite (ke ʻano paʻakikī o ka matrix metal), e hōʻemi ana i ka hopena cleavage ma ka matrix. No laila, ʻo ka liner kiʻekiʻe-chromium alloy he ikaika kiʻekiʻe, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka wili pōleʻa, a me ke kūpaʻa ʻaʻahu kiʻekiʻe, a ʻo kāna hana ke hōʻike nei i ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o nā mea ʻaʻahu metala o kēia manawa.
Hoʻohui Kimia
| Inoa | Ka Hui Kemika（%） | |||||||
| C | ʻO Si | ʻO Mn | Cr | Mo | Cu | P | S | |
| Laina Alloy Chrome kiʻekiʻe | 2.0-3.6 | 0-1.0 | 0-2.0 | 8-26 | ≤3.0 | ≤1.2 | ≤0.06 | ≤0.06 |
| Laina Alloy Chrome Waena | 2.0-3.3 | 0-1.2 | 0-2.0 | 4-8 | ≤3.0 | ≤1.2 | ≤0.06 | ≤0.06 |
| Laina Alloy Chrome Haahaa | 2.1-3.6 | 0-1.5 | 0-2.0 | 1-3 | 0-1.0 | ≤1.2 | ≤0.06 | ≤0.06 |
Mechanical waiwai a me metallographic hana
| Inoa | Ili（HRC） Ak（J/cm2） | Microstructure | ||||
| Laina Alloy Chrome kiʻekiʻe | ≥58 | ≥3.5 | M+C+A | |||
| Laina Alloy Chrome Waena | ≥48 | ≥10 | M+C | |||
| Laina Alloy Chrome Haahaa | ≥45 | ≥15 | M+C+P | |||
| M- Martensite | C – Carbide | A-Austenite | P-Pearlite | |||
Hōʻike huahana
| Nui | Hole Dia.（mm） Liner Length（mm） | |||
| ≤40 | ≥40 | ≤250 | ≥250 | |
| Hoʻomanawanui | +20 | +30 | +2 | +3 |
Cr-Mo Alloy Steel
Hoʻohana ʻo H&G Machinery i ke kila kila Cr-Mo e hoʻolei i ka liner wili pōpō. ʻO kēia mea i hoʻokumu ʻia ma ka maʻamau o Australia, (AS2074 Standard L2B, a me AS2074 Standard L2C) hāʻawi ia i ka hopena maikaʻi a me ke kūpaʻa ʻana i nā noi wili semi-autogenous āpau.
Hoʻohui Kimia
| Code | Nā ʻElemu Kemika（%） | |||||||
| C | ʻO Si | ʻO Mn | Cr | Mo | Cu | P | S | |
| L2B | 0.6-0.9 | 0.4-0.7 | 0.6-1.0 | 1.8-2.1 | 0.2-0.4 | 0.3-0.5 | ≤0.04 | ≤0.06 |
| L2C | 0.3-0.45 | 0.4-0.7 | 1.3-1.6 | 2.5-3.2 | 0.6-0.8 | 0.3-0.5 | ≤0.04 | ≤0.06 |
Waiwai Kino a me Microstructure
| Code | Paʻakikī（HB） | Ak（J/cm2） | Microstructure |
| L2B | 325-375 | ≥50 | P |
| L2C | 350-400 | ≥75 | M |
| M-Martensite, C-Carbide, A-Austenite, P-Pearlite | |||
Ni-paʻa kila
He hao keʻokeʻo ʻo Ni-Hard, i hoʻohui ʻia me ka nickel a me ka chromium kūpono no ka hopena haʻahaʻa, sliding abrasion no nā noi ʻelua a maloʻo. ʻO Ni-Hard kahi mea ʻaʻahu kūʻokoʻa loa, i hoʻolei ʻia i nā ʻano a me nā ʻano kūpono no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kaiapuni abrasive a me nā noi.
Hoʻohui Kimia
| Inoa | C | ʻO Si | ʻO Mn | Ni | Cr | S | P | Mo | ʻoʻoleʻa |
| Ni-Hard AS2027 Gr Ni Cr 1-550 | 3.2-3.6 | 0.3-0.8 | 0.2-0.8 | 3.0-5.0 | 1.5-3.0 | ≤0.12 | ≤0.15 | ≤0.5 | 550-600HBN |
| Ni-Hard AS2027 Gr Ni Cr 2-550 | 2.8-3.2 | 0.3-0.8 | 0.2-0.8 | 3.0-5.0 | 1.5-3.0 | ≤0.12 | ≤0.15 | ≤0.5 | 500-550HBN |
| Ni-Hard AS2027 Gr Ni Cr 2-550 | 3.2-3.6 | 1.5-2.2 | 0.2-0.8 | 4.0-5.5 | 8.0-10.0 | ≤0.12 | ≤0.15 | ≤0.5 | 630-670HBN |
Hao Hao Keokeo
Hoʻohui Kimia
| Inoa | Ka Hui Kemika(%) | |||||||
| C | ʻO Si | ʻO Mn | Cr | Mo | Cu | P | S | |
| Laina Hao Hao Keokeo | 2.0-3.3 | 0-0.8 | ≤2.0 | 12-26 | ≤3.0 | ≤1.2 | ≤0.06 | ≤0.06 |
Waiwai Kino a me Microstructure
| Inoa | HRC | Ak(J/cm2) | Microstructure |
| Laina Hao Hao Keokeo | ≥58 | ≥3.5 | M+C+A |
| M-Martensite C- Carbide A-Austenite | |||
Inā he nīnau nīnau kūikawā kāu, e ʻoluʻolu e kelepona i kā mākou ʻenekinia e lawelawe iā ʻoe!
Nick Sun [email protected]
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Iune-19-2020