Dalka ugu weyn ee naxaasta ayaa leh rajo wanaagsan oo ku saabsan socodka wararka
Ganacsatada naxaasta ah waxaa lagu garaacayaa darawalada qiimaha suurtagalka ah hadda - laga bilaabo $ 1 tiriliyan kharashaadka kaabayaasha Mareykanka ilaa mowjadda labaad ee Covid-19 ee Shiinaha. Saadaasha rasmiga ah ee Chile, kor u kaca ayaa si taxadir leh u leh rajo wanaagsan.
Qiimaha ayaa laga yaabaa inuu celcelis ahaan ka badan doono $2.50 rodol sanadkan, sida uu qabo Marco Riveros, oo madax ka ah wakaalada dawladda ee Cochilco. Ilaa hadda sanadkan, celceliska ayaa wax yar ka hooseeya heerkaas.
Iyadoo baahida ay taageereyso soo kabashada Yurub iyo soo jeedinta kaabayaasha dhaqaalaha ee Madaxweyne Trump, waxaa jira dhiirigelin loogu talagalay miinooyinka Chile si ay u sii wadaan ka shaqeynta heerarka awoodda u dhow, Riveros ayaa ku sheegay wareysi Talaadadii.
Dal soo saaray 5.8 milyan oo tan oo birta cas ah sannadkii hore, carqaladaynta Covid-19 waxay ku kici kartaa wax yar ilaa 75,000 tan ama ilaa 400,000 oo tan, ayay tiri hay'addu. Meel u dhaxaysa xadkaas, oo ku saabsan 200,000 oo tan, waxay noqon doontaa rajo macquul ah, ayuu yidhi.
Sidaas awgeed doorsoomayaal badan ayaa ka dhigaya saadaasha saxda ah ee wakhtiga gaaban adag. Shirkaduhu waxay si joogto ah dib u habayn ku samaynayaan qorshayaashooda macdan qodista marka ay raadiyaan faa'iidooyinka wax soo saarka iyaga oo ku shaqeynaya shaqaale yar. Maaddaama shaqaale badan ay jiran yihiin, ururada shaqaalaha ee Chile waxay ku baaqayaan in la xaddido hawlgallada.
Inkasta oo caafimaadku ay tahay in ay noqoto mudnaanta ugu sareysa, miinooyinka qaarkoodna laga yaabo inay ku dhibtoonayaan ilaalinta wax soo saarka, aragtida Cochilco ayaa ah in warshadaha lagu eego rajo wanaagsan, ayuu yiri Riveros.
"Gaar ahaan Chile, macdanta ayaa had iyo jeer awood u leh inay riixdo horumarka dhaqaalaha, xaaladdan, soo kabashada dhaqaalaha hore," ayuu yidhi.
Si loo yareeyo xiisadaha shaqada iyo sii socoshada miinada, dowladdu waxay ka shaqaynaysaa habab lagu wanaajinayo daahfurnaanta Covid-19.
Wasiirka macdanta Baldo Prokurica waxay eegaysaa faafinta xogta caabuqa ee maamulada caafimaadka maxalliga ah, halkii ay ka ahaan lahayd shirkadaha oo keliya. Dawladdu waxa kale oo laga yaabaa inay ka warbixiso natiijooyinka xisaab xidhka sida wanaagsan ee miinooyinka ay ugu hoggaansamaan borotokoollada la dagaallanka fayraska, ayuu ku sheegay waraysi Isniintii.
Si ka duwan Peru deriska la ah, Chile waxay dooratay inay sii wado macdanta maadaama uu fayrasku ku dhacay, fulinta tillaabooyinka amniga iyo burburinta shaqaalaha aan muhiimka ahayn iyada oo aan la hurin wax soo saar badan. Prokurica, waa fal dheellitir oo lagu ilaalinayo caafimaadka shaqaalaha iyo dakhliga dhoofinta ee aadka loogu baahan yahay.
"Waxaan dooneynaa inaan sameyno wax walba oo awoodeena ah si waddanku u xaqiijiyo shaqaalaha shaqadooda, isla markaana aan sii wadno, anagoo ilaalinayna caafimaadka iyo badbaadada shaqaalaheena," ayuu yidhi.
Xiisadda ayaa kor u kacday usbuucii hore ka dib markii shaqaale ka shaqeeya macdanta Codelco ee Chuquicamata uu u dhintay cudurka. Wasiirka ayaa u diray kormeerayaal dheeraad ah si ay ula socdaan xaaladda goobaha miinada, iyadoo ilaa hadda la sameeyay 1,600 oo qiimeyn ah.
Dhamaadka usbuuca, todobada kooxood ee matalaya shaqaalaha iyo qandaraaslayaasha waxay soo saareen baaq ay ugu baaqayaan dawladda inay dib u qiimeyso sii socoshada hawlaha macdanta. Gebagebadii Talaadadii, Isutagga Shaqaalaha Copper-ka ayaa sheegay in hoggaamiyeyaasha ururka aan loo oggolayn inay galaan miinada Chuquicamata si ay u kormeeraan u hoggaansanaanta borotokoolka tusaalihii ugu dambeeyay ee "dhaqanka isla weynida" ee maamulka.
Prokurica wuxuu sheegay in warshadu ay qaadayso tillaabooyin aan caadi ahayn si ay u ilaaliso shaqaalaha, oo ay ku jiraan tijaabinta, kala fogaynta iyo kala badh tirada guud ee shaqada. In kasta oo infekshannada ay ku sii kordhayaan qaranka, macdanta ayaa ka wanaagsanayd warshadaha kale, iyada oo 0.5% kaliya ee shaqaalaha ay bukoodeen, ayuu yidhi.
"Ma jirto wax caadi ah oo ku jira warshadaha naxaasta hadda," ayuu yiri Prokurica. "Waxaan ku jirnaa marxaladii ugu adkeyd ee masiibada Chile."
Kubadda Mill Liner Xulashada Qalabka
Waxyaabaha kala duwan ee la jajabiyey, xaaladaha shaqada ee kala duwan waxay u baahan yihiin qalabyo kala duwan oo ku habboon. Sidoo kale, qaybta wax lagu shiido ee aan qallafsanayn iyo qaybta wax lagu shiido waxay u baahan tahay qalabyo kala duwan.
H&G ayaa bixiya agabka soo socda si aad u tuurto makiinadaada kubbadda:
Birta Manganese
Maaddada manganese ee saxanka sare ee birta birta manganese ee saxanka dahaarka guud ahaan waa 11-14%, kaarboonku guud ahaan waa 0.90-1.50%, kuwaas oo intooda badan ka sarreeya 1.0%. Markay tahay culayska saamaynta hooseeya, engegnaanta waxay gaari kartaa HB300-400. Marka culeyska sareeyo, engegnaanta waxay gaari kartaa HB500-800. Iyadoo ku xiran culeyska saameynta, qoto dheer ee lakabka adag wuxuu gaari karaa 10-20mm. Lakabka qallafsan ee leh qallafsanaanta sare waxay iska caabin kartaa saameynta waxayna yareyn kartaa dharbaaxada. Birta manganese-ka sare waxay leedahay wax qabad heer sare ah oo ka-hortagga xirashada iyadoo la raacayo xaaladda saameyn xooggan oo daal ah, sidaas darteed waxaa badanaa loo isticmaalaa qaybaha xirashada u adkaysta ee macdanta, qalabka dhismaha, awoodda kulaylka, iyo qalabka kale ee farsamada. Marka la eego shuruudaha xaaladaha saameynta hooseeya, birta manganese sare ma sameyn karto sifooyinka walxaha sababtoo ah saameynta adkeynta shaqadu maaha mid cad.
Halabuurka Kiimikada
| Magaca | Halabuurka Kiimikada (%) | |||||||
| C | Si | Mn | Cr | Mo | Cu | P | S | |
| Mn14 Mill Liner | 0.9-1.5 | 0.3-1.0 | 11-14 | 0-2.5 | 0-0.5 | ≤0.05 | ≤0.06 | ≤0.06 |
| Mn18 Mill Liner | 1.0-1.5 | 0.3-1.0 | 16-19 | 0-2.5 | 0-0.5 | ≤0.05 | ≤0.06 | ≤0.06 |
Guryaha makaanikada iyo qaab-dhismeedka biraha
| Magaca | Hardness Dusha sare (HB) | Qiimaha Saamaynta Ak (J/cm2) | Qaab-dhismeedka yar yar |
| Mn14 Mill Liner | ≤240 | ≥100 | A+C |
| Mn18 Mill Liner | ≤260 | ≥150 | A+C |
| C -Carbide | Carbide A-ustenite la hayo | Austenite | |||
Tilmaamaha alaabta
| Cabbirka | Hole Dia (mm) | Dhererka xadhkaha (mm) | ||
| ≤40 | ≥40 | ≤250 | ≥250 | |
| Dulqaad | +20 | +30 | +20 | +30 |
Birta Daawaha ee Chrome
Birta daawaha ee Chromium waxa loo qaybiyaa birta chromium aluminium sare ah (koox ka kooban 8-26% kaarboon ka kooban 2.0-3.6%), birta daawaha chromium dhexdhexaad ah ( content chromium 4-6%, content carbon 2.0-3.2%), hoose Saddex nooc oo ah birta dabaysha (ka kooban chromium 1-3%, kaarboonka 2.1-3.6%). Muuqaalkeeda cajiibka ah ayaa ah in microhardness ee M7C3 eutectic carbide uu yahay HV1300-1800, kaas oo loo qaybiyo qaab shabakad jaban oo go'doonsan martensite (qaabka ugu adag ee shaxanka birta) matrix, yaraynta saameynta dillaaca ee matrixka. Sidaa darteed, xargaha daawaynta sare ee chromium-ka ayaa leh awood sare, adkaanta kubbadda, iyo caabbinta sare ee dharka, iyo waxqabadkeedu wuxuu ka dhigan yahay heerka ugu sarreeya ee qalabka birta u adkaysta ee hadda jira.
Halabuurka Kiimikada
| Magaca | Halabuurka Kiimikada (%) | |||||||
| C | Si | Mn | Cr | Mo | Cu | P | S | |
| Khadka Sare ee Aloyiga Chrome | 2.0-3.6 | 0-1.0 | 0-2.0 | 8-26 | ≤3.0 | ≤1.2 | ≤0.06 | ≤0.06 |
| Dhexdhexaadiyaha Alloy Chrome | 2.0-3.3 | 0-1.2 | 0-2.0 | 4-8 | ≤3.0 | ≤1.2 | ≤0.06 | ≤0.06 |
| Xadhkaha Dabeecadda Aloyiga ee Chrome Low | 2.1-3.6 | 0-1.5 | 0-2.0 | 1-3 | 0-1.0 | ≤1.2 | ≤0.06 | ≤0.06 |
Guryaha makaanikada iyo qaab-dhismeedka biraha
| Magaca | Dusha sare (HRC) Ak (J/cm2) | Qaab-dhismeedka yar yar | ||||
| Khadka Sare ee Aloyiga Chrome | ≥58 | ≥3.5 | M+C+A | |||
| Dhexdhexaadiyaha Alloy Chrome | ≥48 | ≥10 | M+C | |||
| Xadhkaha Dabeecadda Aloyiga ee Chrome Low | ≥45 | ≥15 | M+C+P | |||
| M- Martensite | C - Carbide | A-Austenite | P-Pearlite | |||
Tilmaamaha alaabta
| Cabbirka | Hole Dia. (mm) Dhererka xadhkaha (mm) | |||
| ≤40 | ≥40 | ≤250 | ≥250 | |
| Dulqaad | +20 | +30 | +20 | +30 |
Cr-Mo Alloy Steel
Mashiinnada H&G waxay adeegsadaan birta daawaynta ee Cr-Mo si ay u tuuraan makiinada wax-shiidka. Walaxdan oo ku salaysan heerka Australia, (AS2074 Standard L2B, iyo AS2074 Standard L2C) waxa ay bixisa saamayn heersare ah oo ay xidhato iska caabin dhammaan codsiyada wax-shiidka ee semi-autogenous.
Halabuurka Kiimikada
| Koodhka | Walxaha Kiimikada (%) | |||||||
| C | Si | Mn | Cr | Mo | Cu | P | S | |
| L2B | 0.6-0.9 | 0.4-0.7 | 0.6-1.0 | 1.8-2.1 | 0.2-0.4 | 0.3-0.5 | ≤0.04 | ≤0.06 |
| L2C | 0.3-0.45 | 0.4-0.7 | 1.3-1.6 | 2.5-3.2 | 0.6-0.8 | 0.3-0.5 | ≤0.04 | ≤0.06 |
Hantida Jirka & Dhismayaasha yar yar
| Koodhka | Hardness (HB) | Ak (J/cm2) | Qaab-dhismeedka yar yar |
| L2B | 325-375 | ≥50 | P |
| L2C | 350-400 | ≥75 | M |
| M-Martensite, C-Carbide, A-Austenite, P-Pearlite | |||
Ni-hard Steel
Ni-Hard waa bir shub ah oo cad, oo lagu daray nikkel iyo chromium oo ku habboon saamaynta hoose, naaxinta simbiriirixan ee codsiyada qoyan iyo kuwa qalalan. Ni-Hard waa shay aad u adkaysi badan, oo lagu shubay foomamka iyo qaababka kuwaas oo ku habboon in loo isticmaalo meelaha xoqan iyo xidhashada jawiga iyo codsiyada.
Halabuurka Kiimikada
| Magaca | C | Si | Mn | Ni | Cr | S | P | Mo | Adag |
| Ni-Hard AS2027 Gr Ni Cr 1-550 | 3.2-3.6 | 0.3-0.8 | 0.2-0.8 | 3.0-5.0 | 1.5-3.0 | ≤0.12 | ≤0.15 | ≤0.5 | 550-600HBN |
| Ni-Hard AS2027 Gr Ni Cr 2-550 | 2.8-3.2 | 0.3-0.8 | 0.2-0.8 | 3.0-5.0 | 1.5-3.0 | ≤0.12 | ≤0.15 | ≤0.5 | 500-550HBN |
| Ni-Hard AS2027 Gr Ni Cr 2-550 | 3.2-3.6 | 1.5-2.2 | 0.2-0.8 | 4.0-5.5 | 8.0-10.0 | ≤0.12 | ≤0.15 | ≤0.5 | 630-670HBN |
Birta Cad ee Birta
Halabuurka Kiimikada
| Magaca | Halabuurka Kiimikada (%) | |||||||
| C | Si | Mn | Cr | Mo | Cu | P | S | |
| Xadhkaha Birta Cad ee Birta | 2.0-3.3 | 0-0.8 | ≤2.0 | 12-26 | ≤3.0 | ≤1.2 | ≤0.06 | ≤0.06 |
Hantida Jirka & Dhismayaasha yar yar
| Magaca | HRC | Ak (J/cm2) | Qaab-dhismeedka yar yar |
| Xadhkaha Birta Cad ee Birta | ≥58 | ≥3.5 | M+C+A |
| M-Martensite C- Carbide A-Austenite | |||
Haddii aad hayso su'aal gaar ah, fadlan la xidhiidh injineerkayaga si uu kuugu adeego!
Nick Sun [email protected]
Waqtiga boostada: Juun-19-2020