ʻO ka piʻi ʻana o ka maʻi maʻi ʻAmelika ʻAmelika e hoʻopilikia i nā mines nui loa o ka honua
ʻO ka hoʻoholo e pani ʻia nā hale hana Kina ma hope o ka Makahiki Hou Lunar i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i nā mines nui o Brazil a me Chile e hānai iā lākou. I kēia manawa, me ka hoʻi hou ʻana o Kina i ka hana a me ʻAmelika ʻAmelika ka wahi wela hou, ke neʻe nei ka hopohopo mai ka noi i ka lako.
Ua hopohopo ka mea hoʻouna hao hao ʻo Vale SA i ka pule i hala no ka mea e pale aku i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana e nā mea hoʻopiʻi Brazil e pani i kahi paʻakikī e helu ana i ka hapaʻumi o kāna huahana. Ua ʻōlelo ʻia kahi hui ma copper behemoth Codelco e hopohopo nei nā lālā e hoʻolaha ʻia kahi maʻi liʻiliʻi o ka maʻi.
Ke hoʻomaka nei ke kani hou ʻana o nā bele alaala i nā mākeke metala i ka wā e pahū ai ka laha ma ʻAmelika Latin, me ka heluna nui o ke kūlanakauhale nui o 600 miliona ma kahi o 40% o nā make i kēlā me kēia lā ma ka honua. E hiki mai ana i ka manawa e hoʻi hou ana ka noi Kina a paʻa nā mākeke. ʻO Chile ka mea kūʻai nui aku i ke keleawe a ʻo Brazil ka lua o ka mea hoʻouna nui loa o ka hao hao.
"ʻO nā pilikia o kaʻu lako mai Covid-19 ma ʻAmelika ʻAmelika kahi mamao loa," wahi a Wenyu Yao, ka mea hoʻolālā waiwai nui ma ING Bank, ma ke kelepona mai Lākana. "He mea ʻike nui ʻo Chile i kēia manawa."
I kēia manawa, ua hoʻomau ka hana ʻana o nā mea kaumaha e like me Vale a me Codelco i ka hana ʻana ma o ka laha ʻana, e hoʻohana ana i nā hana palekana me ka ʻole o ka pau ʻana o ka hoʻopuka. Ke wehe hou nei nā mines ʻē aʻe ma ka ʻāina i pani ʻia. Akā ua kōkua ʻia ka ʻoihana e nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka maʻi i ka lehulehu ākea. ʻAʻole pēlā ka hihia.
Ma ka Pōʻalima, ua ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hao hao ma mua o $ 100 i hoʻokahi tona no ka hopohopo e hiki ai i ka maʻi maʻi ke hoʻopaʻa i ka lako ʻo Brazil e hui pū me ka koi paʻa a paʻa i ka mea hana kila kiʻekiʻe ʻo Kina. ʻIke ʻia nā wā e hiki mai ana e paʻi i kēlā pae, me ka ʻaelike ma Singapore e holomua ana i nā lā ʻehā i hala.
Ua ʻoi aku ʻo Brazil ma mua o ka US i nā hihia coronavirus hou i ka pule i hala, a ke laha nei ka maʻi ma nā mokuʻāina ʻākau e like me Para, ʻo ia ka 8% o ka lako hao hao honua. I ʻApelila, ʻoki ʻo Vale i kāna alakaʻi hoʻouna ʻana ma muli o ka ʻino a me ka hopena o ka maʻi i nā hana.
Ua hōʻea pū ka maʻi i ka ʻoihana hana ʻiʻo o Brazil, me JBS SA kauoha e pani i nā hana ma kahi mea kanu ma ka mokuʻāina ʻo Rondonia i ka pule i hala i ka pani ʻana i ka hale pipi mua o ka ʻāina. Ua pā pū ʻia ka aila ʻo Brazil, me kahi kokoke i 500 mau hihia i hoʻopaʻa ʻia a hoʻokahi make ma waena o nā limahana o waho, ʻoiai ʻaʻole i hoʻopilikia ʻia ka hana.
ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka pōʻino olakino o Brazil he pilikia politika paha . Ua kūʻē ka poʻe kūʻē i nā alanui o Sao Paulo i ka lā Lāpule a ua hui pū ʻo Pelekikena Jair Bolsonaro i kahi hōʻike kūʻē i ka Congress a me ka ʻAha Kiekie.
"ʻO ka make ʻana o Covid-19 ma Brazil e hoʻokumu i nā pilikia kūpono i ka lako o ka hao i nā pule e hiki mai ana, ʻoiai ke ʻae ʻia ka hana ʻana o ka mining ma ke ʻano he ʻoihana koʻikoʻi," kākau ʻo Citigroup Inc. me Tracy Liao i kahi hōʻike. "ʻO ka piʻi ʻana o nā maʻi i waena o nā limahana e koi i nā miners a i ʻole nā luna kūloko e hoʻokau i nā quarantine draconian, hiki ke kaupalena i ka huahana a i ʻole nā mines."
I kēia manawa, ua hoʻomau ka emi ʻana o nā waihona hao hao ma Kina a ua ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka koi kila Kina i nā mahina ʻelua i hala iho nei, i hōʻike ʻia e ka huki ʻana i nā waihona. ʻOiai ke hoʻokiʻekiʻe ʻia nā kumukūʻai no ka lōʻihi, mālama ʻo Citigroup i kāna hiʻohiʻona bearish, wānana nā kumukūʻai e hāʻule i $70 a ton ma ka hopena o 2020, me ka manaʻo o Vale e hoʻokele maikaʻi i ka laha.
I ka pane ʻana i nā nīnau, ua haʻi hou ʻo Vale i ke alakaʻi ʻana i ka makahiki 310 miliona a 330 miliona mau tons, nā mea e pili ana i nā maʻi maʻi maʻi e like me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hele ʻana a me ka hiki ke hoʻopaʻa paʻa ʻia ma Brazil. Ua hāʻawi pū aku ka hui i ke kākoʻo kālā i kāna kaulahao hoʻolako a me nā lako olakino i lawe ʻia mai no nā wahi e hana ai. E like me Codelco, ua hoʻokō ʻo Vale i nā kaʻina kaʻawale kaiapuni, disinfection wahi hana, ka nānā ʻana a me ka hoʻāʻo.
He moʻolelo like ia i ke keleawe e like me ke kākoʻo ʻana i ka ʻikepili ʻaoʻao koi e hoʻonui i ka rebound. Ma ka Pōʻakahi, ua hōʻea nā kūlana keleawe i ka pae kiʻekiʻe loa mai ka waena o Malaki ma hope o ka hana ʻana o ka ʻikepili mai Kina i kuhikuhi i ka hoʻomau hou ʻana.
Ua hoʻokō ʻo Codelco o Chile e hoʻomau i ka hana ma kahi kokoke i nā kumukūʻai maʻamau, e kōkua ana i ka pale ʻana i nā mākeke mai ka paʻa ʻana. Akā ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka mālama ʻana i nā huahana e like me ka piʻi ʻana o nā hihia Covid-19 i ka ʻāina. Me ka heluna kanaka he 18 miliona wale nō, ke hōʻike nei ʻo Chile i nā hihia hou ma ke kumu per-capita i ka wikiwiki e hoʻohālikelike ʻia me Sepania i ka piko o ka laha ʻana i ka lā Malaki, e koi ana i nā haukapila i ka hāʻule ʻana a me ka koi ʻana i nā luna e hoʻopaʻa i nā mea paʻa.
Ke hopohopo nei ka poʻe hana ma Codelco's Chuquicamata mine e ulu ana ka nui o nā maʻi, ʻoiai he liʻiliʻi, ʻo Miguel Veliz, ka luna o Union No. 3, i ʻōlelo ʻia ma ke kelepona.
Ua ho'āʻo maikaʻi ʻia nā limahana he ʻumikūmālima a me nā limahana aelike 34 i ka maina, wahi a Liliana Ugarte , ke poʻo o Union No.
Ua hoʻomaka ka maʻi o kaʻu mau limahana i ka lā 20 ʻApelila, me ka wikiwiki o ka ʻike i nā pule i hala iho nei, wahi a Veliz. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka nui o nā hihia he hapa liʻiliʻi o ka limahana - ʻo Chuquicamata he 4,000 mau limahana a me 7,000 mau limahana outsourced.
Ma kahi pane i kākau ʻia, ua ʻōlelo ʻo Codelco ua hoʻokō ʻo ia i nā mana pale ma Chuquicamata e ʻae iā ia e ʻike koke a hoʻokaʻawale i nā limahana maʻi a me kā lākou pili. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā maʻi i loaʻa ma waho o ka mine i nā manawa hoʻomaha, wahi a ia. Aia ʻo Chuquicamata ma ka ʻākau o Calama ma ka ʻāina ʻo Antofagasta, kahi i ʻike i ka piʻi nui o nā hihia i nā pule i hala.
Eia nō naʻe, hana maʻamau nā mines me ka hele ʻana o ka lehulehu ma mua o, e ʻōlelo, nā mea ʻai meaʻai. ka poʻe i ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka maʻi maʻi. Ke manaʻo nei ʻo nā mines ʻAmelika Hema e hoʻokele i ka maʻi maʻi maʻi, hiki i ka hui keleawe ke pau i ka mahu me ka wehe hou ʻana o Kina i ka hae maikaʻi a me nā pilina ma waena o Beijing a me Wakinekona.
"Aia ka pilikia - e like me ka maʻi maʻi e kū mai ana i nā moku mining," wahi a BTG Pactual loiloi ʻo Cesar Perez. "Aia paha kahi hiki ke lilo ke aupuni i mea paʻa, akā hāʻawi ʻia i ke ʻano o nā ʻoihana hoʻolālā, ʻoi aku ka mamao o ka pilikia o ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka hana ʻana i kēia manawa."
Ke Koho Mea Pili Paa Poepoe
ʻO nā mea i ʻoki ʻia, nā kūlana hana ʻokoʻa e pono ai nā liner material e kūpono. Eia kekahi, ʻo ke keʻena wili liʻiliʻi a me ka ʻāpana wili maikaʻi e pono ai i nā mea liner ʻokoʻa.
H&G Machinery i kēia mau mea e hoʻolei ai i kāu liner wili pōlele:
hao Manganese
He 11-14% ka nui o ka manganese o ka mea kila manganese kiʻekiʻe he 11-14%, a he 0.90-1.50% ka nui o ke kalapona, ʻoi aku ka nui ma luna o 1.0%. Ma nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, hiki i ka paʻakikī ke hiki i HB300-400. Ma nā haʻahaʻa hopena kiʻekiʻe, hiki i ka paʻakikī ke hiki i HB500-800. Ma muli o ke kaumaha o ka hopena, hiki i ka hohonu o ka papa paʻakikī ke hiki i 10-20mm. Hiki i ka papa paʻakikī me ka paʻakikī kiʻekiʻe ke pale aku i ka hopena a hoʻemi i ka lole abrasive. Loaʻa i ke kila manganese kiʻekiʻe ka hana anti-wear maikaʻi ma lalo o ke kūlana o ka ʻaʻahu abrasive hopena ikaika, no laila hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i nā ʻāpana pale ʻaʻahu o ka mining, nā mea hana, ka mana wela, a me nā mea hana ʻē aʻe. Ma lalo o nā kūlana haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, ʻaʻole hiki i ke kila manganese kiʻekiʻe ke hana i nā ʻano o ka mea no ka mea ʻaʻole maopopo ka hopena paʻakikī o ka hana.
Hoʻohui Kimia
| Inoa | Ka Hui Kemika（%） | |||||||
| C | ʻO Si | ʻO Mn | Cr | Mo | Cu | P | S | |
| Mn14 Mill Liner | 0.9-1.5 | 0.3-1.0 | 11-14 | 0-2.5 | 0-0.5 | ≤0.05 | ≤0.06 | ≤0.06 |
| Mn18 Mill Liner | 1.0-1.5 | 0.3-1.0 | 16-19 | 0-2.5 | 0-0.5 | ≤0.05 | ≤0.06 | ≤0.06 |
Mechanical waiwai a me metallographic hana
| Inoa | ʻO ka ʻili paʻakikī（HB） | Waiwai hopena Ak（J/cm2） | Microstructure |
| Mn14 Mill Liner | ≤240 | ≥100 | A+C |
| Mn18 Mill Liner | ≤260 | ≥150 | A+C |
| C -Carbide | Carbide A-austenite paʻa | Austenite | |||
Hōʻike huahana
| Nui | Hole Dia.（mm） | Ka lōʻihi o ka laina （mm） | ||
| ≤40 | ≥40 | ≤250 | ≥250 | |
| Hoʻomanawanui | +20 | +30 | +2 | +3 |
Ke kila kila Chrome
Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka hao hao chromium kiʻekiʻe (chromium content 8-26% carbon content 2.0-3.6%), medium chromium alloy cast iron (chromium content 4-6%, carbon content 2.0-3.2%), haʻahaʻa chromium ʻEkolu mau ʻano o ka hao i hoʻolei ʻia (chromium content 1-3%, carbon content 2.1-3.6%). ʻO kāna hiʻohiʻona kupaianaha ʻo ka microhardness o ka M7C3 eutectic carbide ʻo HV1300-1800, ka mea i puʻunaue ʻia ma ke ʻano o kahi pūnaewele haʻihaʻi a hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ma ka martensite (ke ʻano paʻakikī o ka matrix metal), e hōʻemi ana i ka hopena cleavage ma ka matrix. No laila, ʻo ka liner kiʻekiʻe-chromium alloy he ikaika kiʻekiʻe, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka wili pōleʻa, a me ke kūpaʻa ʻaʻahu kiʻekiʻe, a ʻo kāna hana ke hōʻike nei i ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o nā mea ʻaʻahu metala o kēia manawa.
Hoʻohui Kimia
| Inoa | Ka Hui Kemika（%） | |||||||
| C | ʻO Si | ʻO Mn | Cr | Mo | Cu | P | S | |
| Laina Alloy Chrome kiʻekiʻe | 2.0-3.6 | 0-1.0 | 0-2.0 | 8-26 | ≤3.0 | ≤1.2 | ≤0.06 | ≤0.06 |
| Laina Alloy Chrome Waena | 2.0-3.3 | 0-1.2 | 0-2.0 | 4-8 | ≤3.0 | ≤1.2 | ≤0.06 | ≤0.06 |
| Laina Alloy Chrome Haahaa | 2.1-3.6 | 0-1.5 | 0-2.0 | 1-3 | 0-1.0 | ≤1.2 | ≤0.06 | ≤0.06 |
Mechanical waiwai a me metallographic hana
| Inoa | Ili（HRC） Ak（J/cm2） | Microstructure | ||||
| Laina Alloy Chrome kiʻekiʻe | ≥58 | ≥3.5 | M+C+A | |||
| Laina Alloy Chrome Waena | ≥48 | ≥10 | M+C | |||
| Laina Alloy Chrome Haahaa | ≥45 | ≥15 | M+C+P | |||
| M- Martensite | C – Carbide | A-Austenite | P-Pearlite | |||
Hōʻike huahana
| Nui | Hole Dia.（mm） Liner Length（mm） | |||
| ≤40 | ≥40 | ≤250 | ≥250 | |
| Hoʻomanawanui | +20 | +30 | +2 | +3 |
Cr-Mo Alloy Steel
Hoʻohana ʻo H&G Machinery i ke kila kila Cr-Mo e hoʻolei i ka liner wili pōpō. ʻO kēia mea i hoʻokumu ʻia ma ka maʻamau o Australia, (AS2074 Standard L2B, a me AS2074 Standard L2C) hāʻawi ia i ka hopena maikaʻi a me ke kūpaʻa ʻana i nā noi wili semi-autogenous āpau.
Hoʻohui Kimia
| Code | Nā ʻElemu Kemika（%） | |||||||
| C | ʻO Si | ʻO Mn | Cr | Mo | Cu | P | S | |
| L2B | 0.6-0.9 | 0.4-0.7 | 0.6-1.0 | 1.8-2.1 | 0.2-0.4 | 0.3-0.5 | ≤0.04 | ≤0.06 |
| L2C | 0.3-0.45 | 0.4-0.7 | 1.3-1.6 | 2.5-3.2 | 0.6-0.8 | 0.3-0.5 | ≤0.04 | ≤0.06 |
Waiwai Kino a me Microstructure
| Code | Paʻakikī（HB） | Ak（J/cm2） | Microstructure |
| L2B | 325-375 | ≥50 | P |
| L2C | 350-400 | ≥75 | M |
| M-Martensite, C-Carbide, A-Austenite, P-Pearlite | |||
Ni-paʻa kila
He hao keʻokeʻo ʻo Ni-Hard, i hoʻohui ʻia me ka nickel a me ka chromium kūpono no ka hopena haʻahaʻa, sliding abrasion no nā noi ʻelua a maloʻo. ʻO Ni-Hard kahi mea ʻaʻahu kūʻokoʻa loa, i hoʻolei ʻia i nā ʻano a me nā ʻano kūpono no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kaiapuni abrasive a me nā noi.
Hoʻohui Kimia
| Inoa | C | ʻO Si | ʻO Mn | Ni | Cr | S | P | Mo | ʻoʻoleʻa |
| Ni-Hard AS2027 Gr Ni Cr 1-550 | 3.2-3.6 | 0.3-0.8 | 0.2-0.8 | 3.0-5.0 | 1.5-3.0 | ≤0.12 | ≤0.15 | ≤0.5 | 550-600HBN |
| Ni-Hard AS2027 Gr Ni Cr 2-550 | 2.8-3.2 | 0.3-0.8 | 0.2-0.8 | 3.0-5.0 | 1.5-3.0 | ≤0.12 | ≤0.15 | ≤0.5 | 500-550HBN |
| Ni-Hard AS2027 Gr Ni Cr 2-550 | 3.2-3.6 | 1.5-2.2 | 0.2-0.8 | 4.0-5.5 | 8.0-10.0 | ≤0.12 | ≤0.15 | ≤0.5 | 630-670HBN |
Hao Hao Keokeo
Hoʻohui Kimia
| Inoa | Ka Hui Kemika(%) | |||||||
| C | ʻO Si | ʻO Mn | Cr | Mo | Cu | P | S | |
| Laina Hao Hao Keokeo | 2.0-3.3 | 0-0.8 | ≤2.0 | 12-26 | ≤3.0 | ≤1.2 | ≤0.06 | ≤0.06 |
Waiwai Kino a me Microstructure
| Inoa | HRC | Ak(J/cm2) | Microstructure |
| Laina Hao Hao Keokeo | ≥58 | ≥3.5 | M+C+A |
| M-Martensite C- Carbide A-Austenite | |||
Inā he nīnau nīnau kūikawā kāu, e ʻoluʻolu e kelepona i kā mākou ʻenekinia e lawelawe iā ʻoe!
Nick Sun [email protected]
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Iune-19-2020