Ho eketseha ha kokoana-hloko ea Latin America ho beha merafo e meholo ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng kotsing
Qeto ea ho koala lifeme tsa Machaena kamora Selemo se Secha sa Machaena se rometse batho ba thothomelang merafong e meholo ea Brazil le Chile e ba fepang. Joale, ha China e khutlela mosebetsing le Latin America sebaka se secha se chesang sa vaerase, ho tšoenyeha ho tloha tlhokehong ho ea phepelong.
Iron ore shipper Vale SA o ne a tšohile bekeng e fetileng kaha e ne e tlameha ho thibela boiteko ba bachochisi ba Brazil ba ho koala mohaho o etsang karolo ea leshome ea tlhahiso ea oona. Mokhatlo oa koporo oa Behemoth Codelco o itse litho li tšoenyehile ka hore seoa se senyenyane sa vaerase se tla hasana.
Litloloko tsa alamo li se li qala ho lla hape mebarakeng ea tšepe ha seoa se phatloha Latin America, 'me baahi ba sebaka seo ba limilione tse 600 ba lulang litoropong ba etsa hoo e ka bang 40% ea batho ba shoang letsatsi le letsatsi lefatšeng ka bophara. Sena se tla ka nako eo tlhoko ea Machaena e ntseng e hlaphoheloa 'me mebaraka e ntse e tiisa. Chile ke eona e ka sehloohong e romelang koporo kantle ho naha 'me Brazil ke naha ea bobeli e kholo ka ho fetisisa ea ho tsamaisa tšepe ea tšepe.
"Mathata a phepelo ea merafo ho tsoa ho Covid-19 Latin America ha a sa le ho fela," Wenyu Yao, setsebi sa maano a phahameng a thepa ho ING Bank, o boletse ka mohala ho tsoa London. "Chile ha e tsejoe haholo hona joale."
Ho fihlela hajoale, litekanyo tse boima tsa meepo joalo ka Vale le Codelco li khonne ho tsoela pele ho sebetsa nakong ea koluoa, li nka mehato ea ts'ireletso ntle le ho emisa tlhahiso. Meepo e meng sebakeng se neng se koalehile joale e se e buloa hape. Empa indasteri e 'nile ea thusoa ke litekanyetso tse fokolang tsa mafu ho baahi ba bangata. Ha ho sa le joalo.
Ka Labohlano, ore ea tšepe e ile ea feta $100 ka lithane e le matšoenyeho a hore seoa sena se ka thibela phepelo ea Brazil e tsamaellana le tlhokahalo e tsitsitseng, e matla ho moetsi oa tšepe oa China. Bokamoso joale bo shebahala bo tla fihla boemong boo, hape, ha konteraka ea Singapore e ntse e tsoela pele ka matsatsi a mane a fetileng.
Brazil e ile ea feta US maemong a macha a coronavirus bekeng e fetileng, mme lefu lena le se le hasana libakeng tse ka leboea joalo ka Para, e ikarabellang bakeng sa 8% ea phepelo ea tšepe lefatšeng ka bophara. Ka Mmesa, Vale e ile ea khaola tataiso ea eona ea thomello ka lebaka la maemo a leholimo a mabe le ts'oaetso ea vaerase ts'ebetsong.
Lefu lena le boetse le fihlile indastering ea ho lokisa nama ea Brazil, mme JBS SA e laetse ho koala ts'ebetso femeng e seterekeng sa Rondonia bekeng e fetileng ha ho koaloa setsi sa pele sa nama ea khomo naheng eo. Oli ea Brazil le eona e se e otlile, ka linyeoe tse ka bang 500 tse netefalitsoeng le lefu le le leng har'a basebetsi ba kantle ho naha, leha tlhahiso e so ka e ameha.
Ho eketsa koluoa ea bophelo bo botle ba Brazil ke koluoa e ka bang teng lipolotiking . Baipelaetsi ba ile ba qabana literateng tsa Sao Paulo ka Sontaha mme Mopresidente Jair Bolsonaro a kenella boipelaetsong bo khahlano le Congress le Lekhotla le ka Holimo-limo.
"Ho qhoma ha Covid-19 naheng ea Brazil ho baka likotsi tse bonahalang tsa phepelo ea tšepe ea tšepe libekeng tse tlang, leha merafo e lumelloa ho sebetsa e le khoebo ea bohlokoa," bahlahlobisisi ba Citigroup Inc. ba kenyelletsang Tracy Liao ba ngotse tlalehong. "Ho eketseha ha ts'oaetso har'a basebetsi ho ka etsa hore basebetsi ba merafong kapa balaoli ba lehae ba behelle batho ka thoko, e leng se ka fokotsang tlhahiso kapa esita le ho koala merafo."
Ho sa le joalo, mekotla ea tšepe ea boema-kepe naheng ea China e ntse e tsoela pele ho theoha mme tlhoko ea tšepe ea China e ntlafetse haholo likhoeling tse peli tse fetileng, e bonts'itsoeng ke ho putlama ha thepa. Leha litheko li ka lula li le holimo nako e telele, Citigroup e boloka pono ea eona e tlase, e bolela esale pele hore litheko li tla theohela ho $70 tonne bofelong ba 2020, Vale e lebelletsoe ho laola seoa sena hantle.
Ha a araba lipotso, Vale o ile a pheta tataiso ea selemo le selemo ea tlhahiso ea lithane tse limilione tse 310 ho isa ho tse limilione tse 330, tse bakang likotsi tsa seoa tse kang ho ba sieo mosebetsing le monyetla oa lithibelo tse matla ho feta Brazil. Khampani e boetse e fane ka tšehetso ea lichelete ho phepelo ea eona le lisebelisoa tsa bophelo bo botle tse tsoang kantle ho naha bakeng sa libaka tseo e sebetsang ho tsona. Joalo ka Codelco, Vale o kentse tšebetsong mehato ea phallo ea sechaba, ho bolaea likokoana-hloko mosebetsing, tlhahlobo le liteko.
Ke pale e ts'oanang ka koporo joalo ka ha data e tšehetsang tlhokahalo e etsa hore motho a boele a be teng. Ka Mantaha, bokamoso ba koporo bo fihlile boemong bo phahameng ka ho fetisisa ho tloha bohareng ba Hlakubele kamora hore data ea tlhahiso e tsoang China e supe ho fola ho tsoelang pele.
Codelco ea Chile e atlehile ho lula e sebetsa haufi le litefiso tse tloaelehileng, e thusa ho thibela mebaraka hore e se ke ea tiea le ho feta. Empa ho boloka tlhahiso ho ka ba thata le ho feta ha linyeoe tsa Covid-19 li ntse li eketseha naheng. Ka palo ea baahi ba limilione tse 18 feela, Chile e tlaleha linyeoe tse ncha ka sekhahla se lekanang le sa Spain sehlohlolong sa phatlalatso ka Hlakubele, e qobella lipetlele hore li putlame le ho susumetsa ba boholong ho tiisa lithibelo.
Basebetsi ba morafong oa Codelco Chuquicamata ba tšoenyehile hore palo ea ts'oaetso, leha e ntse e le nyane, e tla hola, Miguel Veliz, motsamaisi oa Union No. 3, o boletse ka mohala.
Basebeletsi ba leshome le metso e mehlano le basebetsi ba konteraka ba 34 ba lekoa ba le teng morafong, ho boletse Liliana Ugarte , ea etellang pele Union No.
Basebeletsi ba morafong ba ile ba qala ho kula ka la 20 Mmesa, mme tlhahlobo e ntse e eketseha libekeng tse sa tsoa feta, Veliz o boletse. Ho bua 'nete, palo ea linyeoe ke karolo e nyane ea basebetsi - Chuquicamata e na le basebetsi ba 4,000 le basebetsi ba 7,000 ba tsoang kantle ho naha.
Karabong e ngotsoeng, Codelco e boletse hore e kentse ts'ebetso ea thibelo ho Chuquicamata e e lumellang ho lemoha kapele le ho arola basebetsi ba kulang le mabitso a bona. Ho boletse hore mafu a mangata a etsahetse kantle ho morafo nakong ea phomolo. Chuquicamata e ka leboea ho Calama sebakeng sa Antofagasta, e boneng keketseho e matla ea linyeoe libekeng tse sa tsoa feta.
Leha ho le joalo, hangata merafo e sebetsa ka mokhoa o pharalletseng sechabeng ho feta, ho re, batho ba pakang nama. ba hlasetsoeng haholo ke kokoana-hloko. Ho nka hore merafo ea Amerika Boroa e tsamaisa seoa sena, kopano ea koporo e kanna ea felloa ke matla ha China e bula hape e nang le folakha e ntle le likamano lipakeng tsa Beijing le Washington li ntse li mpefala.
"Kotsi e teng - joalo ka seoa se hlahang literekeng tsa merafo," ho boletse mohlahlobi oa BTG Pactual Cesar Perez. "Ho ka ba le monyetla oa hore mmuso o be le lithibelo, empa ha ho nahanoa ka hore na lik'hamphani li bile le maano hakae, kotsi ea tšitiso e kholo tlhahisong e ntse e hole le hajoale."
Khetho ea Lintho tsa Ball Mill Liner
Lintho tse fapaneng tse sithabetseng, maemo a fapaneng a ts'ebetso a hloka li-liner tse fapaneng hore li lumellane. Hape, phaposi e mahoashe ea ho sila le phaposi ea ho sila e mahoashe e hloka li-liner tse fapaneng.
H&G Machinery e fana ka lisebelisoa tse latelang ho lahlela liner ea hau:
Tšepe ea Manganese
Liteng tsa manganese tsa leloala le phahameng la tšepe la manganese ka kakaretso ke 11-14%, 'me khabone hangata ke 0.90-1.50%, boholo ba eona e kaholimo ho 1.0%. Ka meroalo e nang le tšusumetso e tlase, boima bo ka fihla HB300-400. Ka meroalo e matla, boima bo ka fihla HB500-800. Ho itšetlehile ka mojaro oa tšusumetso, botebo ba lera le thata bo ka fihla ho 10-20mm. Sekhahla se thata se nang le boima bo phahameng se ka hanela tšusumetso le ho fokotsa ho roala ha abrasive. Litšepe tse phahameng tsa manganese li na le ts'ebetso e ntle ea anti-wear tlasa maemo a matla a ho roala, kahoo hangata e sebelisoa likarolong tse sa sebetseng tsa meepo, lisebelisoa tsa kaho, matla a mocheso le lisebelisoa tse ling tsa mochini. Tlas'a maemo a maemo a tlase a ts'oaetso, tšepe e phahameng ea manganese e ke ke ea sebelisa litšobotsi tsa thepa hobane phello e thata ea mosebetsi ha e totobetse.
Sebopeho sa Lik'hemik'hale
| Lebitso | Sebopeho sa Lik'hemik'hale (%) | |||||||
| C | Si | Mong | Kr | Mo | Cu | P | S | |
| Mn14 Mill Liner | 0.9-1.5 | 0.3-1.0 | 11-14 | 0-2.5 | 0-0.5 | ≤0.05 | ≤0.06 | ≤0.06 |
| Mn18 Mill Liner | 1.0-1.5 | 0.3-1.0 | 16-19 | 0-2.5 | 0-0.5 | ≤0.05 | ≤0.06 | ≤0.06 |
Thepa ea mochini le sebopeho sa metallographic
| Lebitso | Ho thatafala ha Bokaho (HB) | Boleng ba tšusumetso Ak (J/cm2) | Microstructure |
| Mn14 Mill Liner | ≤240 | ≥100 | A+C |
| Mn18 Mill Liner | ≤260 | ≥150 | A+C |
| C -Carbide | Carbide A-E bolokiloe austenite | Austenite | |||
Tlhaloso ea lihlahisoa
| Boholo | Hole Dia. (mm) | Bolelele ba Liner (mm) | ||
| ≤40 | ≥40 | ≤250 | ≥250 | |
| Mamello | +20 | +30 | +20 | +3 |
Chrome Alloy Steel
Chromium alloy cast iron e arotsoe ka tšepe e phahameng ea chromium alloy cast iron (chromium content 8-26% carbon content 2.0-3.6%), medium chromium alloy cast iron (chromium content 4-6%, carbon content 2.0-3.2%), low chromium Mefuta e meraro ea alloy cast iron (litekanyetso tsa chromium 1-3%, litaba tsa carbon 2.1-3.6%). Tšobotsi ea eona e tsotehang ke hore microhardness ea M7C3 eutectic carbide ke HV1300-1800, e ajoang ka mokhoa oa marang-rang a robehileng le ho aroloa ho martensite (mohaho o thata ka ho fetisisa ka matrix a tšepe) matrix, ho fokotsa phello ea cleavage holim'a matrix. Ka hona, mohala o phahameng oa chromium alloy o na le matla a phahameng, ho tiea ha leloala la bolo, le khanyetso e phahameng ea ho apara, 'me ts'ebetso ea eona e emela boemo bo phahameng ka ho fetisisa ba lisebelisoa tsa morao-rao tsa tšepe.
Sebopeho sa Lik'hemik'hale
| Lebitso | Sebopeho sa Lik'hemik'hale (%) | |||||||
| C | Si | Mong | Kr | Mo | Cu | P | S | |
| High Chrome Alloy Liner | 2.0-3.6 | 0-1.0 | 0-2.0 | 8-26 | ≤3.0 | ≤1.2 | ≤0.06 | ≤0.06 |
| Bohareng ba Alloy Line ea Chrome | 2.0-3.3 | 0-1.2 | 0-2.0 | 4-8 | ≤3.0 | ≤1.2 | ≤0.06 | ≤0.06 |
| Low Chrome Alloy Liner | 2.1-3.6 | 0-1.5 | 0-2.0 | 1-3 | 0-1.0 | ≤1.2 | ≤0.06 | ≤0.06 |
Thepa ea mochini le sebopeho sa metallographic
| Lebitso | Bokaholimo (HRC) Ak (J/cm2) | Microstructure | ||||
| High Chrome Alloy Liner | ≥58 | ≥3.5 | M+C+A | |||
| Bohareng ba Alloy Line ea Chrome | ≥48 | ≥10 | M+C | |||
| Low Chrome Alloy Liner | ≥45 | ≥15 | M+C+P | |||
| M-Martensite | C - Carbide | A-Austenite | P-Pearlite | |||
Tlhaloso ea lihlahisoa
| Boholo | Hole Dia.(mm) Bolelele ba Liner (mm) | |||
| ≤40 | ≥40 | ≤250 | ≥250 | |
| Mamello | +20 | +30 | +20 | +3 |
Cr-Mo Alloy Steel
H&G Machinery e sebelisa tšepe ea alloy ea Cr-Mo ho etsa liner. Thepa ena e ipapisitse le maemo a Australia, (AS2074 Standard L2B, le AS2074 Standard L2C) e fana ka tšusumetso e phahameng le ho hanyetsa ts'ebetso lits'ebetsong tsohle tsa semi-autogenous milling.
Sebopeho sa Lik'hemik'hale
| Khoutu | Lintho tsa Lik'hemik'hale (%) | |||||||
| C | Si | Mong | Kr | Mo | Cu | P | S | |
| L2B | 0.6-0.9 | 0.4-0.7 | 0.6-1.0 | 1.8-2.1 | 0.2-0.4 | 0.3-0.5 | ≤0.04 | ≤0.06 |
| L2C | 0.3-0.45 | 0.4-0.7 | 1.3-1.6 | 2.5-3.2 | 0.6-0.8 | 0.3-0.5 | ≤0.04 | ≤0.06 |
Thepa ea 'Mele & Microstructure
| Khoutu | Ho thatafala (HB) | Ak (J/cm2) | Microstructure |
| L2B | 325-375 | ≥50 | P |
| L2C | 350-400 | ≥75 | M |
| M-Martensite, C-Carbide, A-Austenite, P-Pearlite | |||
Ni-hard Steel
Ni-Hard ke tšepe e entsoeng ka tšepe e tšoeu, e kopantsoeng ka nickel le chromium e loketseng tšusumetso e tlaase, e thellang bakeng sa lisebelisoa tse metsi le tse omeletseng. Ni-Hard ke thepa e sa senyeheng ka ho fetelletseng, e entsoeng ka libopeho le libopeho tse loketseng ho sebelisoa libakeng tse mahlahahlaha le tse apereng le lits'ebetso.
Sebopeho sa Lik'hemik'hale
| Lebitso | C | Si | Mong | Ni | Kr | S | P | Mo | Ho thatafala |
| Ni-Hard AS2027 Gr Ni Cr 1-550 | 3.2-3.6 | 0.3-0.8 | 0.2-0.8 | 3.0-5.0 | 1.5-3.0 | ≤0.12 | ≤0.15 | ≤0.5 | 550-600HBN |
| Ni-Hard AS2027 Gr Ni Cr 2-550 | 2.8-3.2 | 0.3-0.8 | 0.2-0.8 | 3.0-5.0 | 1.5-3.0 | ≤0.12 | ≤0.15 | ≤0.5 | 500-550HBN |
| Ni-Hard AS2027 Gr Ni Cr 2-550 | 3.2-3.6 | 1.5-2.2 | 0.2-0.8 | 4.0-5.5 | 8.0-10.0 | ≤0.12 | ≤0.15 | ≤0.5 | 630-670HBN |
Tshipi e Tshweu
Sebopeho sa Lik'hemik'hale
| Lebitso | Sebopeho sa Lik'hemik'hale(%) | |||||||
| C | Si | Mong | Kr | Mo | Cu | P | S | |
| Mohala o Mosoeu oa Tšepe | 2.0-3.3 | 0-0.8 | ≤2.0 | 12-26 | ≤3.0 | ≤1.2 | ≤0.06 | ≤0.06 |
Thepa ea 'Mele & Microstructure
| Lebitso | HRC | Ak(J/cm2) | Microstructure |
| Mohala o Mosoeu oa Tšepe | ≥58 | ≥3.5 | M+C+A |
| M-Martensite C- Carbide A-Austenite | |||
Haeba u na le lipotso tse khethehileng, ka kopo ikopanye le moenjiniere oa rona ho u sebeletsa!
Nick Sun [email protected]
Nako ea poso: Jun-19-2020