Codelco ka ọ kwụsịtụ mgbasawanye ogbunigwe El Teniente, kwuru banyere ọrịa na-efe efe

Codelco steeti Chile kwuru na Satọdee na ọ ga-akwụsịtụ ihe owuwu na ọkwa ọhụrụ na flagship El Teniente mine, mmegharị nke o kwuru na ọ dị mkpa iji luso ọrịa coronavirus na-agbasa ngwa ngwa.

Codelco, onye na-emepụta ọla kọpa n'ụwa niile kwuru na nkwupụta a ga-eweta mbelata mkpokọta ndị ọrụ na ọrụ Teniente na mmadụ 4,500. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ kwuru na ogbunigwe a ga-aga n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ na usoro ngbanwe ekwuputara na mbụ nke ụbọchị 14 na ezumike ụbọchị 14 iji chebe ndị ọrụ, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ kwuru.

Codelco kwuru, "Nke a (atụ) malitere itinye n'ọrụ na ngwụcha izu gara aga," ka Codelco kwuru, na-agbakwunye na ebumnuche a bụ iji belata njupụta nke ma ndị ọrụ anyị na ndị ọrụ nkwekọrịta, na-ebelata mmegharị azụ na ibelata ohere nke ibute ọrịa.

Mkpebi a na-abịa dịka Federation of Copper Workers (FTC), otu nche anwụ maka ndị otu Codelco, kwupụtara onye ọrụ nkwekọrịta na El Teniente nwụrụ site na COVID-19, ọnwụ nke isii site na ọrịa ahụ na ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ ahụ.

Ndị otu na-ekwu na opekata mpe ndị ọrụ Codelco 2,300 butere nje a kemgbe ntiwapụ ahụ malitere n'etiti ọnwa Maachị.

Ọrịa coronavirus ahụ jidere Codelco n'ime afọ 10, ijeri $ 40 ijeri iji kwalite ogbunigwe ya merela agadi. Ọrụ El Teniente ga-agbatị ndụ ọrụ nke ogbunigwe nke narị afọ gara aga, nke dị n'Ugwu Andes na ndịda isi obodo Santiago.

Ndị otu na ndị otu na-elekọta mmadụ akwalitela nrụgide na Codelco na ndị na-egwuputa ihe ndị ọzọ ka ha kwalite nchebe maka ndị ọrụ, gụnyere atụmatụ n'izu a iji mechie ogbunigwe n'ebe ugwu Teniente, na mpaghara Antofagasta, izu abụọ.

Codelco CEO Octavio Araneda kwuru na N'ajụjụ ọnụ ya na ndị mgbasa ozi mpaghara na Thursday na mmegharị ọ bụla dị otú ahụ ga-abụ "ọdachi" maka obodo ahụ. Ọ gbachitere nzaghachi nje virus nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ka ọ na-eme ihe.

Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ kwuru na ọ ga-aga n'ihu na nhazi na nkwadebe maka mgbasawanye Teniente n'agbanyeghị ihe ndọghachi azụ. A na-atụ anya ịrụ ụlọ kacha elu na 2021 na 2022, nkwupụta ahụ kwuru.

El Teniente weputara tọn ọla kọpa 459,744 na 2019.

Mụọ na igwe anaghị agba nchara dị ala maka hama shredder

A na-eji ígwè manganese dị elu eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe na nkedo obere hama dị arọ (na-adịkarị ihe na-erughị 90kg). Otú ọ dị, maka igwe recycle shredder hammer (na-adịkarị arọ gburugburu 200kg-500kg), ígwè manganese adịghị mma. Ụlọ ọrụ anyị na-eji ígwè alloy dị ala eme ihe nkedo nnukwu hama shredder.

Nhọrọ Ihe Ngwa

Nhazi ihe mejupụtara alloy ga-atụle n'ụzọ zuru ezu izute ihe achọrọ arụmọrụ nke alloy. Ụkpụrụ imewe bụ iji hụ na ike zuru ezu na ike siri ike na ike siri ike. Nchegbu dị n'ime nke bainite na-adịkarị ala karịa nke martensite, na nkwụsị nke bainite dị mma karịa nke martensite n'otu ike ahụ. Ngwakọta nke alloy steel dị ka ndị a:

Ihe Carbon.  Carbon bụ isi ihe na-emetụta microstructure na ihe onwunwe nke obere na ọkara alloy wear-eguzogide ọgwụ. Ọdịnaya carbon dị iche iche nwere ike nweta mmekọrịta dabara dị iche n'etiti isi ike na isi ike. Obere carbon alloy nwere ike siri ike mana ike dị ala, nnukwu carbon alloy nwere ike siri ike mana ezughi oke ike, ebe ọkara carbon alloy nwere ike siri ike na ịdị mma dị mma. Iji nweta ike siri ike iji zute ọnọdụ ọrụ nke akụkụ buru ibu na nke siri ike na-eguzogide ike na-enwe mmetụta dị ukwuu, oke nke obere carbon ígwè bụ 0.2 ~ 0.3%.

Si Element.  Si tumadi na-arụ ọrụ nke ngwọta ike na ígwè, ma oke Si ga-eme ka brittleness nke ígwè, ya mere ọdịnaya ya bụ 0.2 ~ 0.4%.

Mn Element.  China bara ụba na akụrụngwa manganese yana ọnụ ala dị ala, yabụ na ọ ghọwo ihe mgbakwunye bụ isi nke nchara na-eguzogide alloy dị ala. N'otu aka ahụ, manganese dị na ígwè na-arụ ọrụ nke ngwọta na-eme ka ike dịkwuo ike iji mee ka ike na ike nke ígwè ahụ dịkwuo mma, na n'aka nke ọzọ, ọ na-eme ka ike nke ígwè ahụ dịkwuo mma. Otú ọ dị, nnukwu manganese ga-eme ka ụda austenite echekwabara, ya mere a na-ekpebi ọdịnaya manganese ka ọ bụrụ 1.0-2.0%.

Ihe Cr.  Cr na-arụ ọrụ na-eduga na nchara nkedo na-eguzogide obere alloy. Enwere ike gbazee Cr na austenite iji mee ka matriks sie ike na-enweghị ibelata ihe siri ike, yigharịrị mgbanwe nke austenite na-adịghị mma ma na-abawanye ike nke ígwè, karịsịa mgbe ejikọtara ya na manganese na silicon, ike siri ike nwere ike ime ka ọ dịkwuo mma. Cr nwere nguzogide iwe dị elu ma nwee ike ime ka njirimara nke ihu njedebe siri dị otu. Ya mere, a na-ekpebi ọdịnaya Cr ka ọ bụrụ 1.5-2.0%.

Mo Element.  Mo nwere ike imeziwanye microstructure dị ka nkedo nke ọma, melite ịdị n'otu nke ngalaba obe, gbochie iwe iwe iwe, melite nkwụsi ike nke iwe, yana mmetụta siri ike nke ígwè. Nsonaazụ na-egosi na ike siri ike nke ígwè na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mma, na ike na ike nke ígwè nwere ike ime ka ọ dịkwuo mma. Otú ọ dị, n'ihi ọnụ ahịa dị elu, a na-achịkwa ego mgbakwunye nke Mo n'etiti 0.1-0.3% dịka nha na mgbidi nke akụkụ ahụ,.

Nke Element.  Ni bụ isi ihe alloy na-emepụta ma kwụsie ike austenite. Ịgbakwunye ụfọdụ ego Ni nwere ike imeziwanye ike ike ma mee ka microstructure na-ejigide obere austenite echekwabara na ụlọ okpomọkụ iji meziwanye ike ya. Mana ọnụ ahịa Ni dị oke elu, ọdịnaya nke Ni agbakwunyere bụ 0.1-0.3%.

Cu element.  Cu adịghị etolite carbides ma dị na matrix dị ka ngwọta siri ike, nke nwere ike imeziwanye ike nke ígwè. Na mgbakwunye, Cu nwere mmetụta yiri nke ahụ na Ni, nke nwere ike imeziwanye ike ike na ikike electrode nke matriks ahụ, ma mee ka nguzogide corrosion nke ígwè. Nke a dị mkpa karịsịa maka akụkụ ndị na-eguzogide iyi na-arụ ọrụ n'okpuru ọnọdụ egweri mmiri. Mgbakwunye Cu na nchara na-eguzogide ọgwụ bụ 0.8-1.00%.

Chọpụta ihe.  Ịgbakwunye ihe ndị na-achọpụta ihe n'ime ígwè na-adịghị ala ala alloy bụ otu n'ime ụzọ kachasị dị irè iji melite njirimara ya. Ọ nwere ike nụchaa microstructure dị ka nkedo, sachaa oke ọka, melite morphology na nkesa nke carbides na inclusions, ma jikwaa nchara siri ike nke obere alloy na-eguzogide.

SP ihe.  Ha bụ ihe ndị na-emerụ ahụ, nke na-etolite n'ụzọ dị mfe ntinye ókèala ọka na nchara, na-amụba nchara nke ígwè ma na-abawanye ọchịchọ nke nkedo n'oge nkedo na ọgwụgwọ okpomọkụ. Ya mere, a chọrọ P na s ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-erughị 0.04%.

Ya mere, egosiri ihe mejupụtara kemịkalụ maka ígwè na-eguzogide alloy na tebụl na-esonụ:

Usoro ịgbaze

A gbazere akụrụngwa n'ime ọkụ induction ugboro ugboro 1 T. Ejiri nchara nchara, igwe ezi, carbon ferrochrome dị ala, ferromanganese, ferromolybdenum, nickel electrolytic, na alloy ụwa dị ụkọ. Mgbe agbazechara, a na-ewere ihe nlele maka nyocha kemịkalụ tupu ọkụ ahụ, a na-agbakwunye alloy dị ka nsonaazụ nyocha si dị. Mgbe ihe mejupụtara na okpomọkụ na-ezute ihe achọrọ nke ịkụ aka, a na-etinye aluminom iji deoxidize; N'oge usoro ịme ọpịpị, a na-agbakwunye obere ụwa Ti na V maka mgbanwe.

Ịwụsa & Nkedo

A na-eji ihe nkedo ájá eme ihe n'usoro ịkpụzi. Mgbe ewepụchara ígwè a wụrụ awụ n'ọkụ ahụ, a na-etinye ya na ladle. Mgbe okpomọkụ na-adaba na 1 450 ℃, wụsa na-amalite. Iji mee ka ígwè a wụrụ awụ jupụta ájá ájá ngwa ngwa, ekwesịrị ịnakwere usoro gating ka ukwuu (20% buru ibu karịa nke ígwè carbon nkịtị). Iji meziwanye oge nri na nri nri nke riser, a na-eji ígwè oyi eme ihe na-adaba na onye na-ebuli elu na usoro ikpo ọkụ dị n'èzí na-anakwere iji nweta nnukwu ihe dị ka nkedo. The size nke wụsa nnukwu shredder hammer bụ 700 mm * 400 mm * 120 mm, na arọ nke otu ibe bụ 250 n'arọ. Mgbe emechara ihe nkedo ahụ, a na-eme ka ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ, mgbe ahụ, a na-egbutu gating na riser.

Ọgwụgwọ okpomọkụ

A na-anabata usoro ọgwụgwọ okpomọkụ na-emenyụ ọkụ. Iji gbochie mgbawa nkwụsị na oghere ntinye, a na-anabata usoro nkwụsị nke mpaghara. A na-eji ọkụ na-eguzogide ụdị igbe ahụ mee ka ihe nkedo ahụ kpoo ọkụ, okpomọkụ na-enye ume bụ (900 ± 10 ℃) na oge njide bụ 5 h. Ọnụego jụrụ oyi nke iko mmiri pụrụ iche quenchant dị n'etiti mmiri na mmanụ. Ọ na-aba uru nke ukwuu iji gbochie nkwụsị nke mgbawa na nkwụsịtụ, na ihe na-emenyụ ọkụ nwere ọnụ ala dị ala, nchekwa dị mma, na ịrụ ọrụ. Mgbe emenyụchara, a na-anabata usoro okpomọkụ dị ala, ọnọdụ okpomọkụ dị (230 ± 10) ℃ na oge njide bụ 6 h.

Njikwa ogo

A tụrụ isi ihe dị mkpa nke nchara site na anya dilatometer dt1000, na usoro mgbanwe mgbanwe isothermal nke austenite na-adịghị mma ka a tụrụ ya site na usoro siri ike metallographic.

The TTT curve nke alloy ígwè

Site na ahịrị eriri TTT, anyị nwere ike ịma:

1. Enwere mpaghara Bay doro anya n'etiti usoro mgbanwe nke oke okpomọkụ ferrite, pearlite, na ọkara okpomọkụ bainite. A na-ekewa C-curve nke pearlite mgbanwe na nke bainite mgbanwe, na-egosi ọdịdị ọdịdị nke C-curve nke onwe, nke bụ ụdị "imi" abụọ, ebe mpaghara bainite dị nso na S-curve. N'ihi na ígwè ahụ nwere carbide na-emepụta ihe Cr, Mo, wdg, ihe ndị a na-agbaze n'ime austenite n'oge okpomọkụ, nke nwere ike igbu oge nbibi nke austenite na-adịghị mma ma belata ọnụ ọgụgụ ya. N'otu oge ahụ, ha na-emetụtakwa decomposition okpomọkụ nke undercooled austenite. Cr na Mo na-eme ka mpaghara mgbanwe pearlite gaa na okpomọkụ dị elu ma belata okpomọkụ mgbanwe bainite. N'ụzọ dị otú a, mgbanwe mgbanwe nke pearlite na bainite na-ekewa na TTT usoro, na subcooled austenite metastable zone pụtara n'etiti, nke bụ banyere 500-600 ℃.
2. The imi n'ọnụ okpomọkụ nke ígwè bụ banyere 650 ℃, ferrite mgbanwe okpomọkụ nso bụ 625-750 ℃, na pearlite mgbanwe okpomọkụ nso bụ 600-700 ℃, na bainite mgbanwe okpomọkụ nso bụ 350-500 ℃.
3. Na mpaghara mgbanwe okpomọkụ dị elu, oge mbụ iji mee ka ferrite dị elu bụ 612 s, oge ntinye oge nke pearlite bụ 7 270 s, na mgbanwe mgbanwe nke pearlite ruru 50% na 22 860 s; oge incubation nke bainite mgbanwe bụ ihe dị ka 20 s na 400 ℃ na martensite mgbanwe na-eme mgbe okpomọkụ dị n'okpuru 340 ℃. Enwere ike ịhụ na ígwè ahụ nwere ike siri ike dị mma.

Ngwongwo igwe

A na-ewere ihe nlele site na ikpe ahụ, a na-emepụta nnukwu ahụ ọkụ shredder, na 10 mm * 10 mm * 20 mm strip sample e ji ebipụ waya site n'èzí banye n'ime, a na-atụkwa ike ya site n'elu ruo n'etiti. E gosipụtara ọnọdụ nlele na Fig. 2. # 1 na # 2 na-ewere ya na shredder hammer, na # 3 na-ewere na oghere ntinye. E gosiputara nsonaazụ nke ike siri ike na tebụl 2.

Foto nke hama shredder

Enwere ike ịhụ site na Tebụl 2 na HRC siri ike nke ahụ hama (#1) karịrị 48.8, ebe ike nke oghere mgbago (#3) dị ntakịrị. Ahụ hama bụ akụkụ ọrụ bụ isi. Ịdị ike dị elu nke ahụ hama nwere ike hụ na nguzogide dị elu; obere ike nke oghere na-arị elu nwere ike inye nnukwu ike. N'ụzọ dị otú a, a na-ezute ihe dị iche iche arụmọrụ chọrọ nke akụkụ dị iche iche. Site n'otu ihe atụ, enwere ike ịhụ na isi ike dị n'elu na-adịkarị elu karịa isi ike, na ngbanwe nke ike siri ike adịghị ukwuu.

A na-egosi data nke mmetụta siri ike, ike ike, na elongation na Isiokwu 3. Enwere ike ịhụ ya site na Tebụl 3 na mmetụta siri ike nke U-shaped Charpy specimen of the hammer bụ n'elu 40 J / cm2, na kasị elu siri ike nke. oghere ntinye bụ 58.58 J / cm * cm; elongation nke samples intercepted bụ karịa 6.6%, na tensile ike bụ karịa 1360 MPa. Mmetụta siri ike nke ígwè ahụ dị elu karịa nke ígwè alloy nkịtị (20-40 J / cm2). N'ikwu okwu n'ozuzu, ọ bụrụ na isi ike dị elu, ike ahụ ga-ebelata. Site na nsonaazụ nnwale ndị dị n'elu, enwere ike ịhụ na iwu a dabere na ya.

Microstructure

Microstructure a na-ebipụ obere ihe nlele site na njedebe gbajiri agbaji nke ihe nlele mmetụta, wee kwadebe ihe nlele metallographic site na-egweri, tupu-egweri na polishing. A na-ahụ nkesa nke ntinye n'okpuru ọnọdụ nke enweghị mmebi, a na-ahụkwa ihe owuwu matrix mgbe ejiri 4% mmanya nitric acid mebie ya. E gosipụtara ọtụtụ ihe arụrụ arụ nke hama alloy shredder na Fig. 3.

Fig. 3 The microstructures nke shredder hammer fig. 3A na-egosi morphology na nkesa nke inclusions na ígwè. Enwere ike ịhụ na ọnụọgụ na nha nke nsonye dị ntakịrị, na-enweghị oghere ọ bụla na-ebelata, porosity na-ebelata, na porosity. Site na ọnụ ọgụgụ 3b, C, D, na E, a pụrụ ịhụ na ma n'akụkụ elu na nso etiti etiti.

Nsonaazụ na-egosi na a na-enweta ihe owuwu siri ike site n'elu ruo n'etiti, a na-enwetakwa ike zuru ezu. Ihe microstructure dị nso na etiti dị ntakịrị karịa nke dị n'elu n'ihi na isi bụ ebe ikpeazụ siri ike, ọnụ ọgụgụ dị jụụ na-adị ngwa ngwa na ọka dị mfe ịmalite.

Matrix dị na Fig. 3b na C bụ lath martensite nwere nkesa otu. The lath na fig. 3b bụ dịtụ obere, na lath na fig. 3C bụ dịtụ oké, na ụfọdụ n'ime ha na-ahaziri na 120 ° angle. Nsonaazụ gosiri na mmụba nke martensite mgbe quenching na 900 ℃ bụ tumadi dabere na eziokwu na ọka size nke ígwè na-abawanye ngwa ngwa mgbe quenching na 900 ℃. Fig. 3D na e na-egosi ọmarịcha martensite na ala bainite na obere obere obere na granular ferrite. Ebe a na-acha ọcha na-emenyụ martensite, bụ nke na-eguzogide corrosion karịa bainite, ya mere agba dị ọkụ; Ọdịdị dị ka agịga ojii bụ bainite ala; ntụpọ ojii bụ inclusions.

N'ihi na oghere nrụnye nke hama shredder na-adị mma na ikuku na okpomọkụ na-ebelata, ferrite enweghị ike ịgbari kpamkpam n'ime matriks. Ya mere, obere ego nke ferrite na-anọgide na martensite matrix n'ụdị obere iberibe na ihe ndị dị n'ime, nke na-eduga ná mbelata nke ike.

Nsonaazụ

Mgbe nkedo gasịrị, anyị zigara onye ahịa anyị ihe nkedo shredder ụzọ abụọ, otu ihe hama igwe na-eyi alloy na-eguzogide ọgwụ, otu ihe hama nke manganese ígwè shredder. Dabere na nzaghachi ndị ahịa, hama igwe na-eguzogide alloy na-adịgide ndụ 1.6 ugboro karịa hammer shredder manganese.

@Nick Sun      [email protected]