Codelco kumisa kuwedzera mugodhi weEl Teniente, inotaura denda

Hurumende yeChile yeCodelco yakati nemusi weMugovera ichambomisa kuvaka padanho idzva pamugodhi wayo weEl Teniente, danho ravanoti raifanira kurwisa denda reCoronavirus riri kukurumidza kupararira.

Mugadziri wemhangura yepamusoro wepasi rose Codelco akati mukutaura chiyero ichi chichaunza kudzikiswa kwese kwevashandi pamabasa ayo eTeniente kuvanhu zviuru zvina nemazana mashanu. Mugodhi uyu ucharamba uchishanda neyakaziviswa nguva yekuchinja kwemazuva gumi nemana uye mazuva gumi nemana ekuzorora kuchengetedza vashandi, kambani yakati.

"Ichi (chiyero) chakatanga kuitwa kupera kwesvondo rapfuura," akadaro Codelco, achiwedzera danho iri rakanangana "kudzikisa huwandu hwevashandi vedu vekondirakiti, kudzoreredza kufamba uye kuderedza mukana wekutapukirwa."

Sarudzo iyi inouya sezvo Federation of Copper Workers (FTC), boka remaamburera remibatanidzwa yeCodelco, yakazivisa mushandi wekondirakiti kuEl Teniente akafa necovid-19, rufu rwechitanhatu kubva kuchirwere pakushanda kwekambani.

Masangano anoti vashandi veCodelco vanosvika zviuru zviviri nemazana matatu vakabatwa nehutachiona kubva pakatanga kubuda pakati paKurume.

Denda reCoronavirus rakabata Codelco pakati pemakore gumi, madhora mabhiriyoni makumi mana emadhora kusimudzira migodhi yayo yasakara. Chirongwa cheEl Teniente chaizowedzera hupenyu hwekushanda hwemugodhi wemakore zana, uri mumakomo eAndes kumaodzanyemba kweguta guru reSantiago.

Masangano nemapoka ezvemagariro akakurudzira Codelco nevamwe vashandi vemumigodhi kuti vawedzere dziviriro yevashandi, kusanganisira chikumbiro svondo rino chekuvhara migodhi kuchamhembe kweTeniente, mudunhu reAntofagasta, kwemavhiki maviri.

Mukuru weCodelco, Octavio Araneda, akataura mubvunzurudzo nevatori venhau nemusi weChina kuti chero danho rakadai rinogona "kukanganisa" nyika. Akadzivirira mhinduro yehutachiona hwekambani iyi seyakasimba.

Kambani iyi yakati ichaenderera mberi nekuronga pamwe nekugadzirira kuwedzera kweTeniente kunyangwe paine zvipingaidzo. Kuvakwa kwepamusoro kunotarisirwa muna 2021 na2022, chirevo chakadaro.

El Teniente yakagadzira 459,744 matani emhangura muna 2019.

Kudzidza pane yakaderera alloy kupfeka-resistant simbi ye shredder sando

High manganese simbi inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukukanda huremu huremu sando (kazhinji isingasviki 90kg). Nekudaro, kune simbi recycle shredder sando (kazhinji huremu kutenderera 200kg-500kg), manganese simbi haina kukodzera. Nzvimbo yedu yekuwana inoshandisa yakaderera alloy simbi yekukandira hombe sando.

Material Element Sarudzo

Iyo alloy yekugadzira dhizaini inofanirwa kufunga zvizere kusangana nekuita zvinodiwa zvealloy. Nheyo yekugadzira ndeyekuvimbisa kukwana kuomarara uye kuomarara kwakanyanya uye kuoma. Kushushikana kwemukati kwebainite kunowanzo kuderera pane kwemartensite, uye kupfeka kuramba kwebainite kuri nani pane kwemartensite pakuoma kwakafanana. Kuumbwa kwesimbi yealloy sezvinotevera:

Carbon Element.  Carbon ndicho chinhu chakakosha chinokanganisa microstructure uye zvivakwa zvepasi uye zvepakati alloy kupfeka-resistant simbi. Yakasiyana kabhoni yemukati inogona kuwana hukama hwakasiyana pakati pekuoma nekuoma. Yakaderera kabhoni alloy ine kuoma kwepamusoro asi kuomarara kwakaderera, yakakwira kabhoni alloy ine kuoma kwakanyanya asi haina kukwana kuoma, nepo yepakati kabhoni alloy ine kuoma kwakanyanya uye kunaka kuoma. Kuti uwane kuomarara kwepamusoro kusangana nemamiriro ebasa ezvikamu zvakakura uye zvakakora zvisingapfeki zvine simba guru rekuita, huwandu hwesimbi yakaderera-kabhoni i0.2 ~ 0.3%.

Si Element.  Si inonyanya kuita basa rekugadzirisa kusimbisa musimbi, asi yakanyanyisa Si ichawedzera brittleness yesimbi, saka zvinyorwa zvayo 0.2 ~ 0.4%.

Mn Element.  China yakapfuma mune manganese zviwanikwa uye yakaderera mumutengo, saka yave chinhu chikuru chekuwedzera cheyakaderera alloy kupfeka-resistant simbi. Kune rumwe rutivi, manganese musimbi inoita basa rekugadzirisa kugadzirisa kuvandudza simba uye kuoma kwesimbi, uye kune rumwe rutivi, inovandudza kuoma kwesimbi. Nekudaro, yakawandisa manganese ichawedzera yakachengetwa austenite vhoriyamu, saka iyo manganese yemukati inotemerwa kuve 1.0-2.0%.

Cr Element.  Cr inotamba inotungamira mune yakaderera alloy kupfeka-resistant cast simbi. Cr inogona kunyungudika zvishoma mu austenite kuti isimbise matrix pasina kuderedza kuoma, kumisa kushandurwa kweustenite undercooled uye kuwedzera kuoma kwesimbi, kunyanya kana yakanyatsobatanidzwa nemanganese nesilicon, kuoma kunogona kuvandudzwa zvikuru. Cr ine yakakwira tempering kuramba uye inogona kugadzira zvimiro zvegobvu yekupedzisira kumeso yunifomu. saka iyo Cr yemukati yakatemwa kuva 1.5-2.0%.

Mo Element.  Mo inogona kunyatso kwenenzvera as-cast microstructure, kunatsiridza kufanana kwe-cross-section, kudzivirira kuitika kwehasha brittleness, kunatsiridza kudzikama, uye kukanganisa kuoma kwesimbi. Zvigumisiro zvinoratidza kuti kuoma kwesimbi kunovandudzwa zvakanyanya, uye kusimba uye kuoma kwesimbi kunogona kuvandudzwa. Nekudaro, nekuda kwemutengo wakakwira, huwandu hwekuwedzera hweMo hunodzorwa pakati pe0.1-0.3% zvichienderana nehukuru uye madziro emadziro ezvikamu,.

Ni Element.  Ni ndiyo huru alloy element kuumba uye kudzikamisa austenite. Kuwedzera imwe huwandu hweNi kunogona kuvandudza kuomarara uye kuita kuti iyo microstructure ichengete diki diki yakachengetwa austenite pane tembiricha yekamuri kuvandudza kuoma kwayo. Asi mutengo weNi wakanyanya kukwirira, uye zvirimo zveNi zvakawedzerwa 0.1- 0.3%.

Cu Element.  Cu haiumbe carbides uye iripo mumatrix semhinduro yakasimba, inogona kuvandudza kuoma kwesimbi. Mukuwedzera, Cu ine mhedzisiro yakafanana neNi, iyo inogona kuvandudza kuomarara uye kugona kwe electrode yematrix, uye kuwedzera kusimba kwesimbi. Izvi zvinonyanya kukosha kune zvipfeko zvinodzivirira zvipfeko zvinoshanda pasi pemvura yekukuya. Kuwedzerwa kweCu mukupfeka-resistant simbi ndeye 0.8-1.00%.

Trace Element.  Kuwedzera trace elements mune yakaderera alloy kupfeka-resistant simbi ndiyo imwe yedzakanyanya nzira dzekuvandudza zvimiro zvayo. Inogona kunatsa se-yakakanda microstructure, kuchenesa miganhu yezviyo, kunatsiridza morphology uye kugovera kwecarbides uye inclusions, uye kuchengetedza kusimba kwakakwana kweyakaderera alloy kupfeka-resistant simbi.

SP Element.  Izvo zvinhu zvinokuvadza, izvo zvinogadzira nyore nyore zviyo muganho inclusions musimbi, kuwedzera brittleness yesimbi uye kuwedzera kuputika kwemaitiro ekukanda panguva yekukanda uye kupisa kurapwa. Naizvozvo, P uye s inodiwa kuve isingasviki 0.04%.

Saka kemikari yemhando yealloy kupfeka-resistant simbi inoratidzwa mutafura inotevera:

Smelting Process

Izvo zvigadzirwa zvakanyungudutswa mu1 T yepakati frequency induction furnace. Iyo alloy yakagadzirwa nesimbi yakaraswa, simbi yenguruve, yakaderera kabhoni ferrochrome, ferromanganese, ferromolybdenum, electrolytic nickel, uye isingawanzo pasi alloy. Mushure mekunyunguduka, sampuli dzinotorwa kuongororwa kwemakemikari pamberi pechoto, uye alloy inowedzerwa maererano nemigumisiro yekuongorora. Kana kuumbwa uye tembiricha zvinosangana nezvinodiwa zvekutepa, aluminium inoiswa kuti deoxidize; panguva yekubata, isingawanzo pasi Ti uye V inowedzerwa kuti igadziriswe.

Kudira & Kukandira

Jecha mold casting inoshandiswa mukuumbwa. Mushure mokunge simbi yakanyungudutswa yabudiswa kubva muchoto, inoiswa mu ladle. Kana tembiricha yadzikira kusvika 1 450 ℃, kudururwa kunotanga. Kuti simbi yakanyungudutswa izadze mold yejecha nekukurumidza, hombe gating system (20% yakakura kupfuura iyo yakajairwa kabhoni simbi) inofanira kutorwa. Kuti uvandudze nguva yekudya uye kugona kwekudya kwemusimu, simbi inotonhora inoshandiswa kuenderana nekusimuka uye nzira yekudziya yekunze inotorwa kuti iwane dense as-cast chimiro. Saizi yekudurura hombe shredder sando ndeye 700 mm * 400 mm * 120 mm, uye uremu hwechimwe chikamu 250 kg. Mushure mekunge kukanda kwacheneswa, kupisa-kupisa kwepamusoro kunoitwa, uye ipapo gating uye riser zvinotemwa.

Kupisa Kurapa

Iyo yekudzima uye kupisa kupisa kurapwa nzira inogamuchirwa. Kuti udzivise mutswe wekudzima pagomba rekuisa, nzira yekudzima yemunharaunda inogamuchirwa. Iyo bhokisi-mhando yehuni yekupikisa yaishandiswa kupisa kukanda, tembiricha yeaustenitizing yaive (900 ± 10 ℃) uye nguva yekubata yaive 5 h. Iko kutonhora kwemvura yakakosha yegirazi inodzima iri pakati pemvura nemafuta. Zvinobatsira kwazvo kudzivirira kudzima mutswe uye kudzima deformation, uye svikiro rekudzima rine mutengo wakaderera, kuchengetedzwa kwakanaka, uye kuita. Mushure mekudzima, iyo yakaderera-yekupisa tembiricha inogamuchirwa, tembiricha yekudziya ndeye (230 ± 10) ℃ uye nguva yekubata i6 h.

Quality Control

Iwo mapoinzi akakosha esimbi akayerwa neoptical dilatometer dt1000, uye isothermal shanduko curve ye undercooled austenite yakayerwa neye metallographic kuoma nzira.

Iyo TTT curve yealloy simbi

Kubva paTTT curve line, tinogona kuziva:

1. Kune ari pachena Bay matunhu pakati peshanduko macurves epamusoro-tembiricha ferrite, pearlite, uye yepakati tembiricha bainite. Iyo C-curve yepearlite shanduko inoparadzaniswa kubva kune iyo yebainite shanduko, ichiratidza kutaridzika kwemutemo wekuzvimiririra C-curve, inova yemhando mbiri "mhino", nepo bainite dunhu riri pedyo neS-curve. Nekuti simbi ine carbide inogadzira zvinhu Cr, Mo, zvichingodaro, zvinhu izvi zvinonyungudika kuita austenite panguva yekupisa, izvo zvinogona kunonoka kuparara kwe undercooled austenite uye kuderedza kuparara kwayo. Panguva imwecheteyo, ivo vanokanganisawo kupisa kwekuparara kwe undercooled austenite. Cr naMo vanoita kuti pearlite shanduko yenzvimbo iende kune yakakwira tembiricha uye kudzikisa tembiricha yekushandura. Nenzira iyi, shanduko yepearlite uye bainite inoparadzaniswa muTTT curve, uye subcooled austenite metastable zone inoonekwa pakati, iyo inenge 500-600 ℃.
2. Iyo tembiricha yemhino yesimbi ingangoita 650 ℃, iyo ferrite yekuchinja tembiricha iri 625-750 ℃, pearlite shanduko yekushisa renji i600-700 ℃, uye bainite yekushandura tembiricha iri 350-500 ℃.
3. Munharaunda yekushandura kwepamusoro-soro, nguva yekutanga yekudzikisa ferrite ndeye 612 s, nguva shoma yekuputira pearlite ndeye 7 270 s, uye shanduko yepearlite inosvika 50% pa 22 860 s; iyo incubation nguva ye bainite shanduko ingangoita 20 s pa400 ℃ uye martensite shanduko inoitika kana tembiricha iri pasi pe340 ℃. Zvinogona kuonekwa kuti simbi ine kunaka kuoma.

Mechanical Property

Samples dzakatorwa kubva muyedzo dzakaburitsa hombe shredder sando, uye 10 mm * 10 mm * 20 mm strip sample yakachekwa newaya kucheka kubva kunze kusvika mukati, uye kuomarara kwakayerwa kubva kumusoro kusvika pakati. Iyo sampling chinzvimbo inoratidzwa muFig. 2. #1 uye #2 inotorwa kubva kune shredder sando muviri, uye #3 inotorwa pagomba rekuisa. Mhedzisiro yechiyero chekuomarara inoratidzwa muTafura 2.

Mufananidzo we shredder nyundo

Zvinogona kuonekwa kubva paTable 2 kuti kuoma kweHRC yehammer body (#1) yakakura kudarika 48.8, nepo kuoma kwegomba rinokwirisa (#3) kuderera. Muviri wesando ndiyo huru inoshanda chikamu. Kuoma kwepamusoro kwemuviri wesando kunogona kuve nechokwadi chekupfeka kwepamusoro; iyo yakaderera kuomarara kwegomba rinokwira rinogona kupa kuomarara kwepamusoro. Nenzira iyi, zvakasiyana-siyana zvekushanda zvinodiwa zvezvikamu zvakasiyana zvinosangana. Kubva pamuenzaniso mumwe chete, zvinogona kuwanikwa kuti kuomarara kwepasi kunowanzo kukwira kupfuura kuomarara kwepakati, uye kuomarara kwekuchinja kwemhando hakuna kunyanyokura.

Iyo data yekusimba kwekukanganisa, kusimba kwesimba, uye kurebesa kunoratidzwa muTafura 3. Zvinogona kuoneka kubva Tafura 3 kuti iko kuomarara kweiyo U-yakaita Charpy muenzaniso wesando iri pamusoro pe40 J / cm2, uye yakanyanya kuomarara. gomba rinokwira ndiro 58.58 J / cm * cm; kureba kwemasampuli akabatwa anodarika 6.6%, uye simba rekusimba rinopfuura 1360 MPa. Iko kuomarara kwesimbi kwakakwira kupfuura iyo yakajairwa yakaderera alloy simbi (20-40 J / cm2). Kazhinji kutaura, kana kuoma kwakakwira, kuomarara kunoderera. Kubva pane zvataurwa pamusoro apa, zvinogona kuonekwa kuti mutemo uyu unoenderana nawo.

Microstructure

Microstructure sampu diki yakachekwa kubva pakaputsika kumagumo emhedzisiro sampu, uye ipapo iyo metallographic sampu yakagadziridzwa nekukuya, pre-kugaya uye kupukuta. Kugoverwa kwekubatanidzwa kwakaonekwa pasi pemamiriro ekusava nekuputika, uye chimiro chematrix chakaonekwa mushure mekuparadzwa ne 4% nitric acid doro. Zvizhinji zvakajairwa zvimiro zvealloy shredder sando zvinoratidzwa mumufananidzo 3.

Fig. 3 Iyo microstructures ye shredder nyundo Mufananidzo 3A inoratidza morphology uye kugovera inclusions musimbi. Zvinogona kuonekwa kuti nhamba uye saizi ye inclusions idiki, isina shrinkage cavity, shrinkage porosity, uye porosity. Kubva panhamba 3b, C, D, uye E, zvinogona kuonekwa kuti zvese zviri padyo-pamusoro uye padyo nenzvimbo yepakati.

Zvigumisiro zvinoratidza kuti chimiro chakaoma chinowanikwa kubva kumusoro kusvika pakati, uye kukwana kuoma kunowanikwa. Iyo microstructure padyo nepakati yakakora kupfuura iyo iri pamusoro nekuti musimboti ndiyo yekupedzisira yekusimbisa saiti, kutonhora kunonoka uye tsanga dziri nyore kukura.

Iyo matrix muFig. 3b uye C is lath martensite ine yunifomu kugovera. Iyo lath iri muFig. 3b ishoma, uye lath muFig. 3C inenge yakawanda, uye mamwe acho akarongwa pa120 ° angle. Mhedzisiro inoratidza kuti kuwedzera kwemartensite mushure mekudzima pa900 ℃ kunonyanya kubva pakuti saizi yezviyo yesimbi inowedzera nekukurumidza mushure mekudzima pa900 ℃. Fig. 3D uye e kuratidza yakanaka martensite uye yakaderera bainite ine shoma shoma uye granular ferrite. Nzvimbo chena inodzimwa martensite, iyo inopesana necorrosion kupfuura bainite, saka ruvara rwakareruka; iyo yakasviba tsono-yakafanana chimiro yakaderera bainite; nzvimbo yakasviba ndeye inclusions.

Nekuti gomba rekugadzika re shredder sando yakatonhodzwa mumhepo uye tembiricha yekudzima yakadzikira, ferrite haigone kunyungudika zvachose mumatrix. Nokudaro, chidimbu chiduku cheferrite chinoramba chiri mu martensite matrix nenzira yezvidimbu zviduku uye zvimedu, izvo zvinotungamirira kuderera kwekuoma.

Results

Mushure mekukanda, takatumira seti mbiri dzesando dzekuchenura kune mutengi wedu, seti imwe yealloy isingagadzike simbi inopwanya sando, imwe seti yemanganese simbi inopwanya sando. Zvichienderana nemhinduro yemutengi, sando dzesimbi dzinopfekwa nesimbi dzinopisa hupenyu hwakapetwa ka1.6 kupfuura sando yemanganese shredder.

@Nick Sun      [email protected]